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3 reason 5 specific characteristics toggle specific characteristics subsection 5 1 titles 5 2 depiction 5 3 gender 6 non theistic views toggle non theistic views subsection 6 1 religious traditions 6 2 anthropology 6 3 neuroscience and psychology 7 see also 8 references 9 bibliography 10 external links toggle the table of contents god 214 languages afrikaans alemannisch алтай тил አማርኛ aragonés ænglisc obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu aymar aru azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali boarisch žemaitėška bikol central bajau sama беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български भोजपुरी bislama banjar বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski batak mandailing буряад català нохчийн کوردی corsu čeština словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла cymraeg dansk dagbanli deutsch dagaare zazaki eʋegbe ελληνικά emiliàn e rumagnòl esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi võro fɔ̀ngbè français furlan frysk gaeilge kriyòl gwiyannen gàidhlig galego avañe ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी gõychi konknni bahasa hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ગુજરાતી gaelg hausa 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն արեւմտահայերէն interlingua bahasa indonesia interlingue igbo ilokano гӏалгӏай ido íslenska medžuslovjansky italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული qaraqalpaqsha taqbaylit jju адыгэбзэ kabɩyɛ tyap қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ yerwa kanuri 한국어 کٲشُر kurdî kernowek latina ladino lëtzebuergesch lingua franca nova ligure ladin lombard lingála lietuvių latviešu madhurâ मगही malagasy minangkabau македонски മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ эрзянь مازِرونی nedersaksies plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ߒߞߏ isindebele sesewula nouormand sesotho sa leboa occitan livvinkarjala oromoo ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ picard polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português runa simi rumantsch romani čhib română armãneashti русский русиньскый ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ sicilianu scots سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina chishona shqip српски srpski siswati sesotho seeltersk svenska kiswahili ślůnski தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog toki pona tok pisin türkçe xitsonga татарча tatarça chitumbuka twi ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto vepsän kel tiếng việt west vlams volapük walon winaray wolof 吴语 isixhosa მარგალური ייִדיש zeêuws 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikiquote wikiversity wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia the printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead supreme deity in theistic belief systems this article is about the supreme being in religious belief systems for a broader meaning of the word god see deity for other uses see god disambiguation left to right top to bottom representations of god in christianity islam judaism baháʼí faith zoroastrianism and hinduism a supreme deity supreme being supreme god or simply just god often with capital g is a deity within theistic belief systems which is believed to be the ultimate cause of all things in existence as such it is seen as the creator sustainer and ruler of the universe god is often thought of as incorporeal and independent of the material creation 1 2 3 conceptions of god vary considerably many notable theologians and philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of god 4 in monotheistic religious belief systems 5 god is usually viewed as the principal foundation of faith 1 atheism rejects the belief in god or any other deity agnosticism is the belief that the existence of god is unknown or unknowable some theists view knowledge concerning god as derived from faith god is often conceived as the greatest entity in existence 1 god is sometimes seen as omnibenevolent while deism holds that god is not involved with humanity apart from creation some traditions attach spiritual significance to maintaining a relationship with god often involving acts such as worship and prayer and see god as the source of all moral obligation 1 god is sometimes described without reference to gender but more often is referred to using gender specific terminology god is referred to by different names depending on the language and cultural tradition sometimes with different titles of god used in reference to god s various attributes etymology and usage main article god word the english word god with lowercase g refers to a supernatural entity known as a deity a spirit or being believed to have created or to control some part of the universe or life for which such a deity is often worshipped 6 7 however god with uppercase g often dennotes a specific connotation to this meaning being a supreme deity who has created and reigns over all which exists 8 in english capitalization is used when the word is used as a proper noun as well as for other names by which a god is known consequently the capitalized form of god is not used for multiple gods or when used to refer to the generic idea of a deity 9 the earliest written form of the germanic word god comes from the 6th century codex argenteus containing a gothic translation of the bible the english word itself is derived from the proto germanic ǥuđan the reconstructed proto indo european form ǵhu tó m was probably based on the root ǵhau ə which meant either to call or to invoke 10 the germanic words for god were originally neuter but during the process of the christianization of the germanic peoples from their indigenous germanic paganism the words became a masculine syntactic form 11 the english word god and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for a varying array of conceptions and in spite of significant differences between religions the term remains an english translation common to all general conceptions see also conceptions of god existence main article existence of god see also atheism and agnosticism the system of nature 1770 argues that belief in god is based on fear lack of understanding and anthropomorphism the existence of god and the nature of god are subjects of debate in theology philosophy of religion and popular culture 12 in philosophical terms the question of the existence of god involves the disciplines of epistemology the nature and scope of knowledge and ontology study of the nature of being or existence and the theory of value since some definitions of god include perfection atheism is in a broad sense the rejection of belief in the existence of deities 13 14 agnosticism is the view that the truth values of certain claims especially metaphysical and religious claims such as whether god the divine or the supernatural exist are unknown and perhaps unknowable 15 16 17 18 theism generally holds that god exists objectively and independently of human thought and is sometimes used to refer to any belief in god or gods ontological arguments refer to any argument for the existence of god that is based on a priori reasoning 19 notable ontological arguments were formulated by anselm and rené descartes 20 cosmological arguments use concepts around the origin of the universe to argue for the existence of god the teleological argument also called argument from design uses the complexity within the universe as a proof of the existence of god 21 it is countered that the fine tuning required for a stable universe with life on earth is illusory as humans are only able to observe the small part of this universe that succeeded in making such observation possible called the anthropic principle and so would not learn of for example life on other planets or of universes that did not occur because of different laws of physics 22 non theists have argued that complex processes that have natural explanations yet to be discovered are referred to the supernatural called god of the gaps other theists such as john henry newman who believed theistic evolution was acceptable have also argued against versions of the teleological argument and held that it is limiting of god to view him having to only intervene specially in some instances rather than having complex processes designed to create order 23 the argument from beauty states that this universe happens to contain special beauty in it and that there would be no particular reason for this over aesthetic neutrality other than god 24 this has been countered by pointing to the existence of ugliness in the universe 25 this has also been countered by arguing that beauty has no objective reality and so the universe could be seen as ugly or that humans have made what is more beautiful than nature 26 the argument from morality argues for the existence of god given the assumption of the objective existence of morals 27 while prominent non theistic philosophers such as the atheist j l mackie agreed that the argument is valid they disagreed with its premises david hume argued that there is no basis to believe in objective moral truths while biologist e o wilson theorized that the feelings of morality are a by product of natural selection in humans and would not exist independent of the mind 28 philosopher michael lou martin argued that a subjective account for morality can be acceptable similar to the argument from morality is the argument from conscience which argues for the existence of god given the existence of a conscience that informs of right and wrong even against prevailing moral codes philosopher john locke instead argued that conscience is a social construct and thus could lead to contradicting morals 29 some view the existence of god as an empirical question richard dawkins states that a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without and it would be a scientific difference 30 carl sagan argued that the doctrine of a creator of the universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a creator not necessarily a god would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old 31 some theologians such as alister mcgrath argue that the existence of god is not a question that can be answered using the scientific method 32 33 agnostic stephen jay gould argued that science and religion are not in conflict and proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called non overlapping magisteria noma 34 in this view questions of the supernatural such as those relating to the existence and nature of god are non empirical and are the proper domain of theology the methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value in this view the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world 35 stephen hawking and co author leonard mlodinow state in their 2010 book the grand design that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe but if the answer is god then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created god both authors claim however that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science and without invoking divine beings 36 37 oneness hindu deities vishnu lakshmi shiva parvati and ganesha who are often viewed as aspects of the same ultimate reality called brahman in hindu theology see also deity monotheism and henotheism a deity or god with lowercase g in english refers to a supernatural being 7 monotheism is the belief that there is only one deity comparing or equating other entities to god is viewed as idolatry in monotheism and is often strongly condemned judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic traditions in the world 38 islam s most fundamental concept is tawhid meaning oneness or uniqueness 39 the first pillar of islam is an oath that forms the basis of the religion and which non muslims wishing to convert must recite declaring that i testify that there is no deity except god 40 the ancient greek philosopher xenophanes referred to one god greatest among gods and men highlighting one god who is greater than the multiple gods 41 in christianity the doctrine of the trinity describes god as one god in father son jesus and holy spirit 42 in past centuries this fundamental mystery of the christian faith was also summarized by the latin formula sancta trinitas unus deus holy trinity unique god reported in the litanias lauretanas god is viewed differently by diverse strands of the hindu religion with most hindus having faith in a supreme reality brahman who can be manifested in numerous chosen deities thus the religion is sometimes characterized as polymorphic monotheism 43 henotheism is the belief and worship of a single god at a time while accepting the validity of worshiping other deities 44 monolatry is the belief in a single deity worthy of worship while accepting the existence of other deities 45 transcendence see also pantheism and panentheism transcendence is the aspect of god s nature that is completely independent of the material universe and its physical laws many supposed characteristics of god are described in human terms anselm thought that god did not feel emotions such as anger or love but appeared to do so through our imperfect understanding the incongruity of judging being against something that might not exist led many medieval philosophers approach to knowledge of god through negative attributes called negative theology for example one should not say that god is wise but can say that god is not ignorant i e in some way god has some properties of knowledge christian theologian alister mcgrath writes that one has to understand a personal god as an analogy to say that god is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others this does not imply that god is human or located at a specific point in the universe 46 pantheism holds that god is the universe and the universe is god and denies that god transcends the universe 47 for pantheist philosopher baruch spinoza the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance god or its equivalent nature 48 49 pantheism is sometimes objected to as not providing any meaningful explanation of god with the german philosopher arthur schopenhauer stating pantheism is only a euphemism for atheism 50 pandeism holds that god was a separate entity but then became the universe 51 52 panentheism holds that god contains but is not identical to the universe 53 54 creator see also creator deity god blessing the seventh day...