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of the house of sur who supplanted the mughal dynasty as rulers of north india during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second mughal emperor humayun sher shah suri decisively defeats humayun in the battle of bilgram may 17 1540 1541 pedro de valdivia founds santiago in chile 1541 an algerian military campaign by charles v of spain habsburg is unsuccessful 1541 amazon river is encountered and explored by francisco de orellana 1541 capture of buda and the absorption of the major part of hungary by the ottoman empire 1541 sahib i giray of crimea invades russia 1542 the italian war of 1542 1546 war resumes between francis i of france and emperor charles v this time henry viii is allied with the emperor while james v of scotland and sultan suleiman i are allied with the french 1542 akbar the great is born in the rajput umarkot fort 1542 spanish explorer ruy lópez de villalobos named the island of samar and leyte las islas filipinas honoring philip ii of spain and became the official name of the archipelago 1543 ethiopian portuguese troops defeat the adal army led by imam ahmad gurey at the battle of wayna daga imam ahmad gurey is killed at this battle 1543 copernicus publishes his theory that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun 1543 the nanban trade period begins after portuguese traders make contact with japan 1544 the french defeat an imperial spanish army at the battle of ceresole scenes of everyday life in ming china by qiu ying 1544 battle of the shirts in scotland the frasers and macdonalds of clan ranald fight over a disputed chiefship reportedly 5 frasers and 8 macdonalds survive 1545 songhai forces sack the malian capital of niani 1545 the council of trent meets for the first time in trent in northern italy 1546 michelangelo buonarroti is made chief architect of st peter s basilica 1546 francis xavier works among the peoples of ambon ternate and morotai moro laying the foundations for a permanent mission to 1547 1547 henry viii dies in the palace of whitehall on 28 january at the age of 55 1547 francis i dies in the château de rambouillet on 31 march at the age of 52 1547 edward vi becomes king of england and ireland on 28 january and is crowned on 20 february at the age of 9 1547 emperor charles v decisively dismantles the schmalkaldic league at the battle of mühlberg 1547 grand prince ivan the terrible is crowned tsar of all russia thenceforth becoming the first russian tsar 1548 battle of uedahara firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in japan and takeda shingen is defeated by murakami yoshikiyo 1548 askia daoud who reigned from 1548 to 1583 establishes public libraries in timbuktu in present day mali 1548 the ming dynasty government of china issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast these hai jin laws came during the wokou wars with japanese pirates 1549 tomé de sousa establishes salvador in bahia north east of brazil 1549 arya penangsang with the support of his teacher sunan kudus avenges the death of raden kikin by sending an envoy named rangkud to kill sunan prawoto by keris kyai satan kober in present day indonesia 1550s edit main article 1550s the islamic gunpowder empires mughal army artillerymen during the reign of jalaluddin akbar 1550 the architect mimar sinan builds the süleymaniye mosque in istanbul 1550 mongols led by altan khan invade china and besiege beijing 1550 1551 valladolid debate concerning the human rights of the indigenous people of the americas 1551 fifth outbreak of sweating sickness in england john caius of shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease 1551 north african pirates enslave the entire population of the maltese island gozo between 5 000 and 6 000 sending them to libya 1552 russia conquers the khanate of kazan 1552 jesuit china mission francis xavier dies 1553 mary tudor becomes the first queen regnant of england and restores the church of england under papal authority 1553 the portuguese found a settlement at macau 1554 missionaries josé de anchieta and manuel da nóbrega establishes são paulo southeast brazil 1554 princess elizabeth is imprisoned in the tower of london upon the orders of mary i for suspicion of being involved in the wyatt rebellion 1555 the muscovy company is the first major english joint stock trading company 1556 publication in venice of delle navigiationi et viaggi terzo volume by giovanni battista ramusio secretary of council of ten with plan la terra de hochelaga an illustration of the hochelaga 13 1556 the shaanxi earthquake in china is history s deadliest known earthquake during the ming dynasty 1556 georgius agricola the father of mineralogy publishes his de re metallica 1556 akbar defeats hemu at the second battle of panipat 1556 russia conquers the astrakhan khanate 1556 1605 during his reign akbar expands the mughal empire in a series of conquests in the indian subcontinent political map of the world in 1556 1556 mir chakar khan rind captures delhi with humayun 1556 pomponio algerio radical theologian is executed by boiling in oil as part of the roman inquisition 1557 habsburg spain declares bankruptcy philip ii of spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557 1560 1575 and 1596 1557 the portuguese settle in macau on the western side of the pearl river delta across from present day hong kong 1557 the ottomans capture massawa all but isolating ethiopia from the rest of the world 1558 elizabeth tudor becomes queen elizabeth i at age 25 1558 1603 the elizabethan era is considered the height of the english renaissance 1558 1583 livonian war between poland grand principality of lithuania sweden denmark and russia 1558 after 200 years the kingdom of england loses calais to france 1559 with the peace of cateau cambrésis the italian wars conclude 1559 sultan hairun of ternate in present day indonesia protests the portuguese s christianisation activities in his lands hostilities between ternate and the portuguese 1560s edit main article 1560s the mughal emperor akbar shoots the rajput warrior jaimal during the siege of chittorgarh in 1567 1560 ottoman navy defeats the spanish fleet at the battle of djerba 1560 elizabeth bathory is born in nyirbator hungary 1560 by winning the battle of okehazama oda nobunaga becomes one of the pre eminent warlords of japan 1560 jeanne d albret declares calvinism the official religion of navarre 1560 lazarus church macau 1561 sir francis bacon is born in london 1561 the fourth battle of kawanakajima between the uesugi and takeda at hachimanbara takes place 1561 guido de bres draws up the belgic confession of protestant faith 1562 mughal emperor akbar reconciles the muslim and hindu factions by marrying into the powerful rajput hindu caste 1562 1598 french wars of religion between catholics and huguenots 1562 massacre of wassy and battle of dreux in the french wars of religion 1562 portuguese dominican priests build a palm trunk fortress which javanese muslims burned down the following year the fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the dominicans commenced the christianisation of the local population 12 1563 plague outbreak claimed 80 000 people in elizabethan england in london alone over 20 000 people died of the disease 1564 galileo galilei born on february 15 1564 william shakespeare baptized 26 april 1565 deccan sultanates defeat the vijayanagara empire at the battle of talikota 1565 mir chakar khan rind dies at aged 97 1565 estácio de sá establishes rio de janeiro in brazil 1565 the hospitallers a crusading order defeat the ottoman empire at the siege of malta 1565 1565 miguel lópez de legazpi establishes in cebu the first spanish settlement in the philippines starting a period of spanish colonization that would last over three hundred years 1565 spanish navigator andres de urdaneta discovers the maritime route from asia to the americas across the pacific ocean also known as the tornaviaje 1565 royal exchange is founded by thomas gresham 1566 suleiman the magnificent ruler of the ottoman empire dies on september 7 during the battle of szigetvar siege of valenciennes during the dutch war of independence in 1567 1566 1648 eighty years war between spain and the netherlands 1566 da le balle contrade d oriente composed by cipriano de rore 1567 after 45 years reign jiajing emperor died in the forbidden city longqing emperor ascended the throne of ming dynasty 1567 mary queen of scots is imprisoned by elizabeth i 1568 the transylvanian diet under the patronage of the prince john sigismund zápolya the former king of hungary inspired by the teachings of ferenc dávid the founder of the unitarian church of transylvania promulgates the edict of torda the first law of freedom of religion and of conscience in the world 1568 1571 morisco revolt in spain 1568 1600 the azuchi momoyama period in japan 1568 hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and son in law sutawijaya who would later become the first ruler of the mataram dynasty of indonesia to kill arya penangsang 1569 rising of the north in england 1569 mercator 1569 world map published by gerardus mercator 1569 the polish lithuanian commonwealth is created with the union of lublin which lasts until 1795 1569 peace treaty signed by sultan hairun of ternate and governor lopez de mesquita of portugal 1570s edit main article 1570s the battle of lepanto 1570 ivan the terrible tsar of russia orders the massacre of inhabitants of novgorod 1570 pope pius v issues regnans in excelsis a papal bull excommunicating all who obeyed elizabeth i and calling on all catholics to rebel against her 1570 sultan hairun of ternate in present day indonesia is killed by the portuguese 12 babullah becomes the next sultan 1570 20 000 inhabitants of nicosia in cyprus were massacred and every church public building and palace was looted cyprus fell to the ottoman turks the following year 1571 pope pius v completes the holy league as a united front against the ottoman turks responding to the fall of cyprus to the ottomans 1571 the spanish led holy league navy destroys the ottoman navy at the battle of lepanto 1571 crimean tatars attack and sack moscow burning everything but the kremlin 1571 american indians kill spanish missionaries in what would later be jamestown virginia 1571 spanish conquistador miguel lópez de legazpi establishes manila philippines as the capital of the spanish east indies 1572 brielle is taken from habsburg spain by protestant watergeuzen in the capture of brielle in the eighty years war 1572 spanish conquistadores apprehend the last inca leader tupak amaru at vilcabamba peru and execute him in cuzco 1572 jeanne d albret dies aged 43 and is succeeded by henry of navarre 1572 catherine de medici instigates the st bartholomew s day massacre which takes the lives of protestant leader gaspard de coligny and thousands of huguenots the violence spreads from paris to other cities and the countryside 1572 first edition of the epic the lusiads of luís vaz de camões three years after the author returned from the east 14 1572 the 9 years old taizi zhu yijun ascended the throne of ming dynasty known as wanli emperor 1573 after heavy losses on both sides the siege of haarlem ends in a spanish victory st bartholomew s day massacre of french protestants 1574 in the eighty years war the capital of zeeland middelburg declares for the protestants 1574 after a siege of 4 months the siege of leiden ends in a comprehensive dutch rebel victory 1575 oda nobunaga finally captures nagashima fortress 1575 following a five year war the ternateans under sultan babullah defeated the portuguese 1576 tahmasp i safavid shah dies 1576 the battle of haldighati is fought between the ruler of mewar maharana pratap and the mughal empire s forces under emperor akbar led by raja man singh 1576 sack of antwerp by badly paid spanish soldiers 1577 1580 francis drake circles the world 1577 ki ageng pemanahan built his palace in pasargede or kotagede 1578 king sebastian of portugal is killed at the battle of alcazarquivir 1578 the portuguese establish a fort on tidore but the main centre for portuguese activities in maluku becomes ambon 12 1578 sonam gyatso is conferred the title of dalai lama by tumed mongol ruler altan khan recognised as the reincarnation of two previous lamas sonam gyatso becomes the third dalai lama in the lineage 15 1578 governor general francisco de sande officially declared war against brunei in 1578 starting the castilian war of 1578 1579 the union of utrecht unifies the northern netherlands a foundation for the later dutch republic 1579 the union of arras unifies the southern netherlands a foundation for the later states of the spanish netherlands the austrian netherlands and belgium the irish gaelic chieftain s feast from the image of ireland 1579 the british navigator sir francis drake passes through maluku and transit in ternate on his circumnavigation of the world the portuguese establish a fort on tidore but the main centre for portuguese activities in maluku becomes ambon 16 1580s edit main article 1580s the fall of spanish armada 1580 drake s royal reception after his attacks on spanish possessions influences philip ii of spain to build up the spanish armada english ships in spanish harbours are impounded 1580 spain unifies with portugal under philip ii the struggle for the throne of portugal ends the portuguese empire the spanish and portuguese crowns are united for 60 years i e until 1640 1580 1587 nagasaki comes under control of the jesuits 1581 dutch act of abjuration declaring abjuring allegiance to philip ii of spain 1581 bayinnaung dies at the age of 65 1582 oda nobunaga commits seppuku during the honnō ji incident coup by his general akechi mitsuhide 1582 pope gregory xiii issues the gregorian calendar the last day of the julian calendar was thursday 4 october 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the gregorian calendar friday 15 october 1582 1582 yermak timofeyevich conquers the siberia khanate on behalf of the stroganovs 1583 denmark builds the world s first theme park bakken 1583 death of sultan babullah of ternate 1584 1585 after the siege of antwerp many of its merchants flee to amsterdam according to luc normand tellier at its peak between 1510 and 1557 antwerp concentrated about 40 of the world trade it is estimated that the port of antwerp was earning the spanish crown seven times more revenues than the americas 17 1584 ki ageng pemanahan died sultan pajang raised sutawijaya son of ki ageng pemanahan as the new ruler in mataram titled loring ngabehi market because of his home in the north of the market 1585 akbar annexes kashmir and adds it to the kabul subah portuguese fusta in india from a book by jan huygen van linschoten 1585 colony at roanoke founded in north america 1585 1604 the anglo spanish war is fought on both sides of the atlantic 1587 mary queen of scots is executed by elizabeth i 1587 the reign of abbas i marks the ...