Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

printing, and, 3d, health, replicating, change, contents, terminology, history, benefits, of, general, principles, processes, applications, legal, aspects, safety, impact, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, 1940s, 1950s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s, modeling, finishing, materials, multi, material, 4d, food, fashion, transportation, firearms, education, archeological, artifacts, historic, buildings, architectural, structures, soft, actuators, circuit, boards, hobbyists, intellectual, property, gun, legislation, administration, aerospace, regulation, quality, assurance, social, environmental,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (869), and (463), #printing (290), for (204), from (202), manufacturing (179), retrieved (154), original (143), archived (141), additive (121), that (116), with (103), 2013 (87), printed (85), 2019 (81), doi (80), may (72), was (71), are (69), technology (65), production (62), october (60), material (55), august (53), printers (52), materials (52), november (52), 2015 (51), has (51), 2016 (50), 2017 (49), printer (49), january (49), this (47), design (47), which (47), using (45), 2020 (45), parts (45), 2014 (43), can (43), used (42), 2018 (41), issn (39), new (38), process (38), use (37), december (36), com (36), metal (35), march (35), 2021 (35), july (34), more (34), such (34), first (33), have (33), processes (32), not (32), 2024 (32), also (32), 1016 (31), april (31), february (31), other (30), technologies (30), some (30), layer (29), journal (28), were (28), fabrication (27), june (27), model (27), industrial (26), digital (26), 2023 (26), patent (26), 2012 (25), applications (25), deposition (24), been (24), file (23), s2cid (23), world (23), gun (22), models (22), print (22), dimensional (22), methods (22), pdf (21), could (21), these (21), but (21), being (21), many (21), september (20), modeling (20), laser (20), energy (20), into (20), three (20), their (20), articles (19), source (19), computer (19), international (19), engineering (19), software (19), rapid (19), prototyping (19), will (19), cost (19), surface (19), most (19), high (18), cad (18), make (18), industry (18), based (18), pmid (18), fdm (18), his (18), create (18), development (17), systems (17), bibcode (17), techniques (17), one (17), term (17), inc (16), open (16), impact (16), review (16), developed (16), system (16), part (16), all (15), 2022 (15), polymer (15), inkjet (15), plastic (15), food (15), general (15), quality (15), where (15), safety (14), future (14), home (14), revolution (14), health (14), its (14), research (14), than (14), through (14), after (14), time (14), method (14), only (14), control (13), science (13), multi (13), history (13), mechanical (13), object (13), how (13), medical (13), traditional (13), due (13), would (13), structures (12), stereolithography (12), 978 (12), isbn (12), demand (12), machine (12), guns (12), engine (12), application (12), need (12), still (12), wikipedia (11), stl (11), desktop (11), ink (11), equipment (11), example (11), over (11), low (11), subtractive (11), designs (11), potential (11), machining (11), objects (11), commercial (11), main (11), include (11), any (11), then (11), terms (10), change (10), building (10), construction (10), powder (10), fused (10), work (10), property (10), environmental (10), allows (10), project (10), making (10), article (10), printable (10), like (10), museum (10), uses (10), education (10), made (10), advanced (10), processing (10), layers (10), hot (10), out (10), before (10), shape (10), large (10), there (10), however (10), become (10), howtek (10), view (9), non (9), commons (9), 1981 (9), national (9), law (9), selective (9), jet (9), intellectual (9), further (9), business (9), labor (9), 2011 (9), principles (9), conference (9), field (9), created (9), had (9), much (9), they (9), reducing (9), produce (9), often (9), components (9), allow (9), both (9), including (9), resin (9), must (9), later (9), soft (9), available (8), under (8), containing (8), statements (8), issues (8), united (8), states (8), list (8), technological (8), scanning (8), solid (8), distributed (8), jetting (8), industries (8), sustainable (8), composites (8), waste (8), zhang (8), benefits (8), manufactured (8), product (8), michael (8), current (8), replicating (8), public (8), iso (8), standard (8), faa (8), support (8), steps (8), plans (8), custom (8), circuit (8), boards (8), cnc (8), end (8), 000 (8), tools (8), format (8), less (8), sla (8), products (8), common (8), increase (8), distribution (8), complex (8), needs (8), number (8), company (8), early (8), type (8), actuators (8), 1980s (8), toggle (7), legal (7), service (7), british (7), org (7), level (7), self (7), carbon (7), emissions (7), advantages (7), devices (7), chen (7), sustainability (7), requirements (7), aerospace (7), personal (7), social (7), university (7), series (7), 2025 (7), astm (7), standards (7), peter (7), copyright (7), patient (7), post (7), comes (7), car (7), challenges (7), wang (7), today (7), develop (7), sanders (7), build (7), effect (7), properties (7), structure (7), during (7), via (7), capabilities (7), now (7), price (7), when (7), 1984 (7), hull (7), melt (7), own (7), required (7), needed (7), generally (7), around (7), especially (7), creating (7), machines (7), people (7), while (7), added (7), although (7), typically (7), nozzle (7), firearms (7), produced (7), accuracy (7), range (7), resolution (7), errors (7), about (6), you (6), page (6), american (6), hardware (6), data (6), electrical (6), architectural (6), free (6), lamination (6), sintering (6), melting (6), particle (6), filament (6), extrusion (6), binder (6), magazine (6), creation (6), ssrn (6), tran (6), jasper (6), north (6), third (6), global (6), spence (6), peer (6), point (6), them (6), institute (6), users (6), defense (6), news (6), controlled (6), take (6), cultural (6), pearce (6), pmc (6), scope (6), higher (6), pharmaceutical (6), david (6), possible (6), weapons (6), just (6), start (6), management (6), assembly (6), annealing (6), repair (6), files (6), 1992 (6), bristol (6), technique (6), invention (6), patents (6), casting (6), see (6), prototype (6), concept (6), get (6), transportation (6), require (6), various (6), years (6), rather (6), functional (6), aspects (6), multiple (6), tooling (6), form (6), introduced (6), 2010s (6), reduce (6), precision (6), called (6), thermoplastic (6), corporation (6), 2000s (6), search (5), code (5), video (5), existing (5), potentially (5), dated (5), style (5), cs1 (5), links (5), robot (5), artificial (5), smart (5), information (5), fusion (5), bioprinting (5), reprap (5), bed (5), external (5), paul (5), lipson (5), hod (5), oclc (5), 3390 (5), addma (5), life (5), metals (5), implications (5), case (5), built (5), milling (5), economic (5), role (5), society (5), terminology (5), regulatory (5), wave (5), online (5), plastics (5), london (5), what (5), amsterdam (5), graphics (5), joshua (5), anzalone (5), 1109 (5), integrated (5), recent (5), acid (5), help (5), implants (5), surgery (5), efforts (5), motors (5), long (5), fit (5), researchers (5), 1993 (5), automated (5), steel (5), bridge (5), substrate (5), optimized (5), thermal (5), component (5), light (5), present (5), developing (5), countries (5), aviation (5), here (5), who (5), masters (5), device (5), two (5), each (5), moving (5), associated (5), purchased (5), benefit (5), able (5), capital (5), achieved (5), scale (5), costs (5), intelligence (5), great (5), economies (5), might (5), suggested (5), changes (5), legislation (5), rights (5), claimed (5), beginning (5), noise (5), published (5), involved (5), done (5), features (5), considered (5), fuel (5), producing (5), instead (5), update (5), began (5), consumer (5), several (5), single (5), started (5), ability (5), 1990s (5), air (5), inkjets (5), formed (5), filed (5), move (5), named (5), popular (5), metalworking (5), pattern (5), subsection (5), contents (4), apply (4), categories (4), link (4), sources (4), english (4), short (4), different (4), inventions (4), related (4), automation (4), dots (4), matter (4), aided (4), pcb (4), direct (4), optics (4), electric (4), continuous (4), liquid (4), heat (4), head (4), wire (4), directed (4), google (4), jan (4), john (4), 123 (4), press (4), usage (4), hdl (4), density (4), overview (4), economist (4), performance (4), james (4), 249 (4), 192 (4), women (4), important (4), your (4), 190 (4), supply (4), robert (4), modern (4), guide (4), regulations (4), guidance (4), times (4), beyond (4), removal (4), next (4), heritage (4), center (4), stem (4), market (4), classroom (4), drug (4), delivery (4), personalized (4), 109 (4), manufacture (4), reconstruction (4), meet (4), zelinski (4), team (4), airbus (4), local (4), urbee (4), resins (4), aid (4), applied (4), improving (4), dental (4), 143 (4), matrix (4), gas (4), arc (4), painting (4), pla (4), improved (4), hybrid (4), novel (4), strength (4), increased (4), scientific (4), fix (4), consumption (4), organs (4), weight (4), nhs (4), trust (4), eye (4), electronics (4), alain (4), issued (4), kodama (4), hideo (4), photo (4), scientist (4), things (4), story (4), hazards (4), thus (4), since (4), growth (4), larger (4), without (4), force (4), reduction (4), robots (4), etc (4), those (4), laws (4), better (4), means (4), following (4), 228 (4), between (4), seen (4), significant (4), fans (4), usually (4), internal (4), defined (4), technical (4), working (4), communities (4), capable (4), companies (4), board (4), involves (4), remove (4), depending (4), finish (4), completed (4), limited (4), artifacts (4), individual (4), variety (4), polymers (4), 1988 (4), surfaces (4), dpi (4), another (4), referred (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), languages (3), contact (3), privacy (3), policy (3), text (3), additional (3), profit (3), wikimedia (3), last (3), 2026 (3), chinese (3), language (3), unsourced (3), wikidata (3), oriented (3), paradigm (3), evolution (3), innovation (3), robotics (3), synthetic (3), nanomaterials (3), molecular (3), temperature (3), fields (3), emerging (3), media (3), portal (3), historic (3), geometric (3), step (3), formats (3), solidworks (3), designspark (3), autodesk (3), freecad (3), curing (3), lithography (3), electron (3), beam (3), cloud (3), cura (3), projects (3), osha (3), hall (3), thomas (3), 2008 (3), environment (3), results (3), progress (3), 1007 (3), 118 (3), fabricated (3), mcmahon (3), liu (3), investigation (3), understanding (3), 011 (3), rise (3), perspective (3), additively (3), juan (3), books (3), fab (3), 2010 (3), christopher (3), kostakis (3), vasilis (3), human (3), response (3), albert (3), mark (3), shop (3), plus (3), workers (3), report (3), small (3), www (3), sites (3), network (3), year (3), already (3), government (3), distribute (3), security (3), successful (3), 2005 (3), solutions (3), revealed (3), space (3), iranian (3), representation (3), museums (3), theme (3), allahyari (3), 131 (3), 3dprint (3), threeding (3), promise (3), 1111 (3), gerald (3), despite (3), wijnen (3), visual (3), advances (3), jain (3), cell (3), study (3), propionic (3), fermentation (3), bbc (3), scott (3), richard (3), man (3), makes (3), surgical (3), face (3), test (3), insider (3), 205 (3), strategies (3), clothing (3), meat (3), did (3), humanitarian (3), proceedings (3), cimp (3), 135 (3), transactions (3), prints (3), layered (3), burns (3), productivity (3), 104 (3), release (3), 204 (3), all3dp (3), procedia (3), isostatic (3), pressing (3), alloy (3), spray (3), 1108 (3), prosthetic (3), resistance (3), structural (3), vapor (3), lee (3), young (3), 1038 (3), netfabb (3), 2009 (3), services (3), powerful (3), engineers (3), amp (3), storage (3), generation (3), nature (3), faster (3), prosthetics (3), operations (3), designed (3), set (3), maker (3), pratt (3), whitney (3), heavy (3), critical (3), weiss (3), invented (3), apparatus (3), méhauté (3), chuck (3), 4665492 (3), fabricating (3), s56 (3), 144478 (3), financial (3), read (3), manufacturers (3), cutting (3), procedure (3), addition (3), compared (3), lasers (3), highly (3), reached (3), 238 (3), found (3), replacement (3), contrast (3), raw (3), community (3), group (3), firms (3), customized (3), inexpensive (3), effective (3), goods (3), tasks (3), sectors (3), planning (3), customer (3), relatively (3), testing (3), perform (3), rapidly (3), bank (3), enabling (3), difficult (3), greater (3), sharing (3), regulation (3), cause (3), real (3), private (3), investment (3), regarding (3), certain (3), conventional (3), widely (3), 1950s (3), affordable (3), late (3), integration (3), greatly (3), regular (3), 221 (3), paper (3), fff (3), because (3), within (3), assurance (3), alternative (3), access (3), risks (3), widespread (3), enabled (3), 200 (3), released (3), cannot (3), item (3), approach (3), allowing (3), similar (3), exception (3), wheel (3), patented (3), come (3), art (3), academic (3), practical (3), hobbyists (3), plating (3), mask (3), finishes (3), holes (3), simple (3), image (3), shipped (3), final (3), appropriate (3), became (3), platform (3), major (3), forming (3), specific (3), employed (3), few (3), unique (3), formulations (3), expected (3), according (3), cells (3), onto (3), generating (3), announced (3), mass (3), fashion (3), recently (3), earliest (3), lead (3), edit (3), viable (3), desired (3), shapes (3), very (3), achieve (3), drop (3), bpm (3), uvp (3), quickly (3), thickness (3), patterns (3), removed (3), simultaneously (3), account (3), finishing (3), size (3), known (3), appearance (3), adding (3), geometries (3), received (3), rotating (3), sense (3), engines (3), envelope (3), stamping (3), dot (3), commercialized (3), 1986 (3), granted (3), together (3), 1991 (3), hampshire (3), sdi (3), worked (3), 1972 (3), described (3), drawings (3), add (2), topic (2), table (2), mobile (2), registered (2), foundation (2), attribution (2), template (2), wayback (2), japanese (2), maint (2), deprecated (2), archival (2), url (2), pages (2), protected (2), against (2), description (2), introductions (2), diy (2), yale (2), fiction (2), moore (2), horizon (2), exploratory (2), ethics (2), topics (2), vehicle (2), modular (2), powered (2), nanotechnology (2), metamaterials (2), conductive (2), amorphous (2), publishing (2), comparison (2), 1963 (2), c3d (2), acis (2), amf (2), garment (2), optical (2), delta (2), autocad (2), designer (2), aec (2), tinkercad (2), edge (2), rattlecad (2), pro (2), onshape (2), lego (2), 360 (2), creo (2), studio (2), inventor (2), proprietary (2), inkscape (2), ray (2), magic (2), openscad (2), ship (2), marketplace (2), computed (2), axial (2), vat (2), photopolymerization (2), nano (2), robocasting (2), molten (2), net (2), shaping (2), freeform (2), cold (2), materialise (2), bambu (2), astroprint (2), europa (2), 2001 (2), prentice (2), century (2), 128 (2), ultrafine (2), makezine (2), evaluation (2), shootout (2), materializing (2), 319 (2), 163 (2), value (2), eric (2), marshall (2), bioprint (2), reading (2), powders (2), recycling (2), 320 (2), polyethylene (2), peng (2), chao (2), jiang (2), econolyst (2), lightweighting (2), attaran (2), mohsen (2), 688 (2), 0007 (2), bushor (2), 677 (2), horizons (2), 167 (2), 158 (2), daniel (2), cleaner (2), cycle (2), assessment (2), mohd (2), gao (2), onallbands (2), fernandez (2), big (2), success (2), andre (2), naomi (2), attention (2), gershenfeld (2), neil (2), bowyer (2), adrian (2), simon (2), williams (2), atlantic (2), council (2), 1177 (2), values (2), 006 (2), triplec (2), 173 (2), communication (2), turning (2), framework (2), chain (2), matt (2), hollow (2), thesis (2), era (2), smith (2), jeremy (2), rifkin (2), vol (2), quiet (2), occupational (2), safe (2), libraries (2), businesses (2), 52920 (2), worldwide (2), feedstock (2), arsa (2), ecfr (2), gov (2), federal (2), liberator (2), factory (2), blueprints (2), put (2), cochrane (2), blog (2), european (2), wired (2), restrict (2), gunpowder (2), guardian (2), illegal (2), regulating (2), país (2), pirate (2), bay (2), reason (2), thinking (2), homeland (2), impossible (2), deal (2), activity (2), 1990 (2), yeggi (2), kit (2), clock (2), gears (2), 1145 (2), communications (2), acm (2), thing (2), npr (2), parsinejad (2), choi (2), body (2), assets (2), isis (2), eds (2), 129 (2), artec (2), military (2), scans (2), architecture (2), tiwanaku (2), bolivia (2), maquette (2), hart (2), forum (2), 337 (2), library (2), opens (2), andrew (2), class (2), 1242 (2), exposition (2), bold (2), kevin (2), educational (2), ieee (2), grujović (2), dentistry (2), basit (2), abdul (2), healthcare (2), matteo (2), lucia (2), immobilization (2), 023 (2), sugar (2), hollister (2), england (2), bioresorbable (2), splint (2), daily (2), having (2), cranial (2), difficulty (2), 1002 (2), 171 (2), assisted (2), 1998 (2), generated (2), facial (2), futile (2), says (2), ready (2), office (2), forbes (2), helicopter (2), replacing (2), 900 (2), dan (2), shows (2), strati (2), coast (2), koenigsegg (2), relations (2), opportunities (2), 109730 (2), eyewear (2), mit (2), shoe (2), becoming (2), researcher (2), plant (2), pablo (2), nasa (2), duration (2), pizza (2), vision (2), stratasys (2), clara (2), 003 (2), provide (2), resource (2), settings (2), jun (2), 122 (2), responsive (2), versatile (2), spec2fab (2), specifications (2), parallel (2), york (2), ceramics (2), chocolate (2), rohbib (2), 012028 (2), 285 (2), rose (2), porous (2), stainless (2), zhou (2), hui (2), compositesb (2), 110 (2), haselhuhn (2), amberlee (2), bas (2), 226 (2), formation (2), mechanisms (2), weld (2), adaptive (2), orientation (2), shi (2), 137 (2), 981 (2), 127 (2), welding (2), wei (2), microstructure (2), reveals (2), 101191 (2), van (2), silva (2), 144 (2), fracture (2), toughness (2), smoothing (2), acetone (2), preparing (2), chi (2), 6495 (2), chamber (2), objet (2), 149 (2), acquisition (2), overhang (2), limitstate (2), mesh (2), lattice (2), fundamentals (2), e00576 (2), 122926 (2), footprint (2), stanford (2), 005 (2), towards (2), microwave (2), imws (2), battery (2), renewable (2), ain (2), 211 (2), 216 (2), carl (2), larry (2), 161 (2), 159 (2), 020 (2), 578 (2), karthik (2), 141 (2), implementation (2), past (2), spare (2), remote (2), locations (2), song (2), 101268 (2), inspired (2), importance (2), india (2), bone (2), ben (2), decentralization (2), localization (2), consequences (2), 164 (2), vascular (2), best (2), shock (2), transform (2), orthopedic (2), biggest (2), action (2), 24ur (2), fully (2), does (2), cook (2), benjamin (2), vipre (2), filabot (2), entry (2), challenge (2), historical (2), picmet (2), malone (2), evan (2), 245 (2), 500 (2), prinz (2), merz (2), 120 (2), microcasting (2), 115 (2), know (2), howard (2), 197 (2), 195 (2), rays (2), interview (2), jean (2), claude (2), industrielle (2), piece (2), william (2), 1987 (2), instruments (2), automatic (2), hardening (2), 241 (2), 237 (2), japan (2), exploring (2), 1974 (2), ariadne (2), cite (2), recorder (2), leinster (2), pass (2), ace (2), 1957 (2), 1945 (2), ansi (2), 52900 (2), stock (2), dynamic (2), learning (2), course (2), 196 (2), 172 (2), references (2), reference (2), fraunhofer (2), speed (2), sufficiently (2), recycled (2), wastage (2), handling (2), adoption (2), temperatures (2), generate (2), recyclability (2), regulated (2), efficiency (2), contributions (2), lightweight (2), reductions (2), vehicles (2), relevant (2), dioxide (2), estimated (2), lower (2), creates (2), consumers (2), away (2), regards (2), believes (2), unlike (2), prior (2), declines (2), moreover (2), anticipated (2), employment (2), expansion (2), intensive (2), 235 (2), wrote (2), increasingly (2), relationship (2), displacing (2), majority (2), once (2), marginal (2), fixed (2), particularly (2), collar (2), well (2), summers (2), vigorous (2), wealth (2), paying (2), estate (2), return (2), strengthening (2), arrangements (2), infrastructure (2), overcome (2), contributing (2), whole (2), productive (2), problems (2), physical (2), instance (2), easier (2), whose (2), competitive (2), share (2), tangible (2), taking (2), offer (2), others (2), enter (2), given (2), ease (2), commentators (2), result (2), commercially (2), sector (2), facilitate (2), furthermore (2), starting (2), flexible (2), advocates (2), trade (2), corporations (2), newer (2), complementing (2), entirely (2), ever (2), measured (2), responsible (2), diameter (2), maintenance (2), contain (2), 219 (2), heated (2), combination (2), effects (2), skin (2), compounds (2), particles (2), astm52900 (2), mentioned (2), germany (2), din (2), aircraft (2), leap (2), should (2), changing (2), 214 (2), strongly (2), easily (2), noted (2), proposed (2), prevent (2), joint (2), administration (2), feature (2), artistic (2), copyrightable (2), appeared (2), courts (2), covers (2), medium (2), statue (2), compositions (2), varies (2), date (2), therefore (2), regimes (2), sale (2), allowed (2), limitation (2), hobbyist (2), items (2), off (2), examples (2), among (2), purposes (2), door (2), enthusiasts (2), driven (2), imaging (2), drilling (2), solder (2), nomenclature (2), solvents (2), silver (2), tedious (2), specified (2), sent (2), images (2), etched (2), cores (2), plate (2), coated (2), identified (2), tested (2), paperwork (2), reduced (2), lack (2), complete (2), growing (2), place (2), biomedical (2), humans (2), manual (2), until (2), enable (2), meters (2), traditionally (2), specifically (2), cinema4d (2), chosen (2), budget (2), modelling (2), virtual (2), hand (2), photogrammetry (2), 179 (2), 107 (2), stoofbrug (2), buildings (2), pieces (2), sculpting (2), constructing (2), archeological (2), shown (2), inroads (2), experts (2), authors (2), smaller (2), 170 (2), appliances (2), permanent (2), frames (2), interest (2), offers (2), way (2), ways (2), cast (2), molding (2), order (2), living (2), deposited (2), gel (2), beads (2), mid (2), reconstructive (2), natural (2), areas (2), total (2), increasing (2), established (2), complexity (2), included (2), abs (2), fiber (2), powertrain (2), sports (2), entered (2), shoes (2), football (2), grade (2), customization (2), enhanced (2), foods (2), looking (2), limit (2), mission (2), prototypes (2), toolroom (2), section (2), summary (2), involve (2), shortened (2), option (2), fact (2), obtained (2), respond (2), types (2), find (2), repeatability (2), throughout (2), functionality (2), responses (2), solve (2), decrease (2), same (2), problem (2), inside (2), volume (2), voxel (2), masked (2), cured (2), cut (2), crump (2), 114 (2), charles (2), corp (2), 1978 (2), cases (2), inch (2), per (2), evolved (2), modifications (2), supports (2), water (2), soluble (2), color (2), curved (2), height (2), heights (2), 100 (2), suitable (2), processed (2), improve (2), chemical (2), though (2), hours (2), timelapse (2), describes (2), thin (2), specifying (2), generates (2), output (2), 250 (2), tailored (2), includes (2), stores (2), triangulations (2), gained (2), freedom (2), opened (2), describing (2), blood (2), vessels (2), record (2), 2020s (2), popularity (2), citation (2), originally (2), heads (2), wider (2), matured (2), inroad (2), efficient (2), delivered (2), perfect (2), stress (2), similarly (2), brackets (2), clear (2), tool (2), transforming (2), grown (2), startup (2), 1995 (2), special (2), assigned (2), reaction (2), members (2), exxon (2), vic (2), royden (2), bill (2), spi (2), modelmaker (2), french (2), abandoned (2), laid (2), xyz (2), plotter (2), jones (2), writing (2), comprises (2), carrier (2), salvaged (2), intended (2), symbols (2), dye (2), preferred (2), 1969 (2), 1970s (2), 1950 (2), arm (2), 1940s (2), organizations (2), distinction (2), agile (2), umbrella (2), lenticular (2), upload (2), bahasa (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), cookie, statement, statistics, developers, conduct, contacts, disclaimers, site, agree, trademark, organization, creative, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, clips, interlanguage, prone, spam, excerpts, webarchive, unfit, written, dmy, dates, semi, vandalism, culture, https, index, php, title, 3d_printing, oldid, 1374947858, lux, israel, czech, republic, bnf, france, gnd, authority, databases, transhumanism, roadmap, readiness, scouting, singularity, analysis, accelerating, forecasting, convergence, unemployment, proactionary, principle, neuroethics, cyberethics, bioethics, ephemeralization, disruptive, differential, collingridge, dilemma, uncrewed, swarm, reconfiguring, exoskeleton, nanorobotics, domotics, diamond, silicene, quantum, programmable, picotechnology, nanotubes, function, foam, metamaterial, cloaking, linear, acetylenic, superfluidity, superconductivity, graphene, fullerene, femtotechnology, muscle, aerogel, utility, fog, assembler, claytronics, microfabrication, glossary, discontinued, italics, 1968, unisurf, sketchpad, dac, smlib, shapemanager, rgk, parasolid, romulus, teigha, alliance, cascade, intellicad, kernelcad, kernel, kernels, ses, pspice, ply, opendwg, obj, iges, dxf, dwg, dwfx, dwf, dsn, ckd, 3mf, embird, clo3d, zemax, oslo, aber, upverter, ultiboard, freestyle, topor, target, pulsonix, proteus, multisim, micro, cap, ltspice, easyeda, eagle, diptrace, 8000, 5000, 2000, 3000, circuitmaker, cadstar, boardstation, integrastation, pads, xpedition, tango, easytrax

Text of the page (random words):
acturing methods for established companies and new possibilities for the making of do it yourself firearms in 2012 the us based group defense distributed disclosed plans to design a working plastic 3d printed firearm that could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3d printer 144 145 after defense distributed released their plans questions were raised regarding the effects that 3d printing and widespread consumer level cnc machining 146 147 may have on gun control effectiveness 148 149 150 151 health surgical uses of 3d printing centric therapies began in the mid 1990s with anatomical modeling for bony reconstructive surgery planning patient matched implants were a natural extension of this work leading to truly personalized implants that fit one unique individual 152 virtual planning of surgery and guidance using 3d printed personalized instruments have been applied to many areas of surgery including total joint replacement and craniomaxillofacial reconstruction with great success 153 154 one example of this is the bioresorbable trachial splint to treat newborns with tracheobronchomalacia 155 developed at the university of michigan the use of additive manufacturing for serialized production of orthopedic implants metals is also increasing due to the ability to efficiently create porous surface structures that facilitate osseointegration the hearing aid and dental industries are expected to be the biggest areas of future development using custom 3d printing technology 156 3d printing is not just limited to inorganic materials there have been a number of biomedical advancements made possible by 3d printing as of 2012 update 3d bio printing technology has been studied by biotechnology firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications in which organs and body parts are built using inkjet printing techniques in this process layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium or sugar matrix and slowly built up to form three dimensional structures including vascular systems 157 3d printing has been considered as a method of implanting stem cells capable of generating new tissues and organs in living humans 158 in 2018 3d printing technology was used for the first time to create a matrix for cell immobilization in fermentation propionic acid production by propionibacterium acidipropionici immobilized on 3d printed nylon beads was chosen as a model study it was shown that those 3d printed beads were capable of promoting high density cell attachment and propionic acid production which could be adapted to other fermentation bioprocesses 159 3d printing has also been employed by researchers in the pharmaceutical field during the last few years there has been a surge in academic interest regarding drug delivery with the aid of am techniques this technology offers a unique way for materials to be utilized in novel formulations 160 am manufacturing allows for the usage of materials and compounds in the development of formulations in ways that are not possible with conventional traditional techniques in the pharmaceutical field e g tableting cast molding etc moreover one of the major advantages of 3d printing especially in the case of fused deposition modelling fdm is the personalization of the dosage form that can be achieved thus targeting the patient s specific needs 161 in the not so distant future 3d printers are expected to reach hospitals and pharmacies in order to provide on demand production of personalized formulations according to the patients needs 162 3d printing has also been used for medical equipment during the covid 19 pandemic 3d printers were used to supplement the strained supply of ppe through volunteers using their personally owned printers to produce various pieces of personal protective equipment i e frames for face shields in dentistry additive manufacturing is used to create patient specific appliances including trays surgical guides splints retainers restorations and more the use of 3d printed appliances is driven by the accuracy gains in resin 3d printing and the development of biocompatible resins which allow for the direct printing of temporary and permanent crowns bridges and dentures with regulatory clearance 163 education 3d printing and open source 3d printers in particular are the latest technologies making inroads into the classroom 164 165 166 higher education has proven to be a major buyer of desktop and professional 3d printers which industry experts generally view as a positive indicator 167 some authors have claimed that 3d printers offer an unprecedented revolution in stem education 168 169 the evidence for such claims comes from both the low cost ability for rapid prototyping in the classroom by students but also the fabrication of low cost high quality scientific equipment from open hardware designs forming open source labs 170 additionally libraries around the world have also become locations to house smaller 3d printers for educational and community access 171 future applications for 3d printing might include creating open source scientific equipment 170 172 3d printed sculpture of an egyptian pharaoh shown at threeding replicating archeological artifacts in the 2010s 3d printing became intensively used in the cultural heritage field for preservation restoration and dissemination purposes 173 many europeans and north american museums have purchased 3d printers and actively recreate missing pieces of their relics 174 and archaeological monuments such as tiwanaku in bolivia 175 the metropolitan museum of art and the british museum have started using their 3d printers to create museum souvenirs that are available in the museum shops 176 other museums like the national museum of military history and varna historical museum have gone further and sell through the online platform threeding digital models of their artifacts created using artec 3d scanners in 3d printing friendly file format which everyone can 3d print at home 177 morehshin allahyari an iranian born u s artist considers her use of 3d sculpting processes of re constructing iranian cultural treasures as feminist activism allahyari uses a 3d modeling software to reconstruct a series of cultural artifacts that were demolished by isis militants in 2014 178 replicating historic buildings and architectural structures the stoofbrug nl in amsterdam the world s first 3d printed metal bridge 107 the application of 3d printing for the representation of architectural assets has many challenges in 2018 the structure of iran national bank was traditionally surveyed and modeled in computer graphics software specifically cinema4d and was optimized for 3d printing the team tested the technique for the construction of the part and it was successful after testing the procedure the modellers reconstructed the structure in cinema4d and exported the front part of the model to netfabb the entrance of the building was chosen due to the 3d printing limitations and the budget of the project for producing the maquette 3d printing was only one of the capabilities enabled by the produced 3d model of the bank but due to the project s limited scope the team did not continue modelling for the virtual representation or other applications 179 in 2021 parsinejad et al comprehensively compared the hand surveying method for 3d reconstruction ready for 3d printing with digital recording adoption of photogrammetry method 179 the world s first 3d printed steel bridge was unveiled in amsterdam in july 2021 spanning 12 meters over the oudezijds achterburgwal canal the bridge was created using robotic arms that printed over 4 500 kilograms of stainless steel it took six months to complete 180 soft actuators 3d printed soft actuators is a growing application of 3d printing technology that has found its place in the 3d printing applications these soft actuators are being developed to deal with soft structures and organs especially in biomedical sectors and where the interaction between humans and robots is inevitable the majority of the existing soft actuators are fabricated by conventional methods that require manual fabrication of devices post processing assembly and lengthy iterations until the maturity of the fabrication is achieved instead of the tedious and time consuming aspects of the current fabrication processes researchers are exploring an appropriate manufacturing approach for the effective fabrication of soft actuators thus 3d printed soft actuators are introduced to revolutionize the design and fabrication of soft actuators with custom geometrical functional and control properties in a faster and inexpensive approach they also enable incorporation of all actuator components into a single structure eliminating the need to use external joints adhesives and fasteners circuit boards circuit board manufacturing involves multiple steps which include imaging drilling plating solder mask coating nomenclature printing and surface finishes these steps include many chemicals such as harsh solvents and acids 3d printing circuit boards remove the need for many of these steps while still producing complex designs 181 polymer ink is used to create the layers of the build while silver polymer is used for creating the traces and holes used to allow electricity to flow 182 current circuit board manufacturing can be a tedious process depending on the design specified materials are gathered and sent into inner layer processing where images are printed developed and etched the etch cores are typically punched to add lamination tooling the cores are then prepared for lamination the stack up the buildup of a circuit board is built and sent into lamination where the layers are bonded the boards are then measured and drilled many steps may differ from this stage however for simple designs the material goes through a plating process to plate the holes and surface the outer image is then printed developed and etched after the image is defined the material must get coated with a solder mask for later soldering nomenclature is then added so components can be identified later then the surface finish is added the boards are routed out of panel form into their singular or array form and then electrically tested aside from the paperwork that must be completed which proves the boards meet specifications the boards are then packed and shipped the benefits of 3d printing would be that the final outline is defined from the beginning no imaging punching or lamination is required and electrical connections are made with the silver polymer which eliminates drilling and plating the final paperwork would also be greatly reduced due to the lack of materials required to build the circuit board complex designs which may take weeks to complete through normal processing can be 3d printed greatly reducing manufacturing time a 3d selfie in 1 20 scale printed using gypsum based printing hobbyists in 2005 academic journals began to report on the possible artistic applications of 3d printing technology 183 off the shelf machines were increasingly capable of producing practical household applications for example ornamental objects some practical examples include a working clock 184 and gears printed for home woodworking machines among other purposes 185 websites associated with home 3d printing tended to include backscratchers coat hooks door knobs etc 186 as of 2017 domestic 3d printing was reaching a consumer audience beyond hobbyists and enthusiasts several projects and companies are making efforts to develop affordable 3d printers for home desktop use much of this work has been driven by and targeted at diy maker enthusiast early adopter communities with additional ties to the academic and hacker communities sped on by decreases in price and increases in quality as of 2019 update an estimated 2 million people worldwide have purchased a 3d printer for hobby use 187 legal aspects intellectual property see also open source hardware 3d printing has existed for decades within certain manufacturing industries where many legal regimes including patents industrial design rights copyrights and trademarks may apply however there is not much jurisprudence to say how these laws will apply if 3d printers become mainstream and individuals or hobbyist communities begin manufacturing items for personal use for non profit distribution or for sale any of the mentioned legal regimes may prohibit the distribution of the designs used in 3d printing or the distribution or sale of the printed item to be allowed to do these things where active intellectual property was involved a person would have to contact the owner and ask for a licence which may come with conditions and a price however many patent design and copyright laws contain a standard limitation or exception for private or non commercial use of inventions designs or works of art protected under intellectual property ip that standard limitation or exception may leave such private non commercial uses outside the scope of ip rights patents cover inventions including processes machines manufacturing and compositions of matter and have a finite duration which varies between countries but generally 20 years from the date of application therefore if a type of wheel is patented printing using or selling such a wheel could be an infringement of the patent 188 copyright covers an expression 189 in a tangible fixed medium and often lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years thereafter 190 for example a sculptor retains copyright over a statue such that other people cannot then legally distribute designs to print an identical or similar statue without paying royalties waiting for the copyright to expire or working within a fair use exception when a feature has both artistic copyrightable and functional patentable merits when the question has appeared in us court the courts have often held the feature is not copyrightable unless it can be separated from the functional aspects of the item 190 in other countries the law and the courts may apply a different approach allowing for example the design of a useful device to be registered as a whole as an industrial design on the understanding that in case of unauthorized copying only the non functional features may be claimed under design law whereas any technical features could only be claimed if covered by a valid patent gun legislation and administration main article 3d printed firearms the us department of homeland security and the joint regional intelligence center released a memo stating that significant advances in three dimensional 3d printing capabilities availability of free digital 3d printable files for firearms components and difficulty regulating file sharing may present public safety risks from unqualified gun seekers who obtain or manufacture 3d printed guns and that proposed legislation to ban 3d printing of weapons may deter but cannot completely prevent their production even if t...