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panish constitution of 1931 and the mexican constitution of 1917 124 secularism began to be discussed in portugal back in the 19th century during the casino conferences in 1871 promoted by antero de quental the republican movement associated the catholic church with the monarchy and opposed its influence in portuguese society the secularization of the republic constituted one of the main actions to be taken in the political agenda of the portuguese republican party and the freemasonry monarchists in a last ditch effort sought to outflank the republicans by enacting anticlerical measures of their own even enacting a severe restriction on the jesuits on the day before the revolution 122 soon after the establishment of the republic on 8 october 1910 minister for justice afonso costa reinstated marquess of pombal s laws against the jesuits and joaquim antónio de aguiar s laws in relation to religious orders 125 126 the church s property and assets were expropriated by the state the religious oath and other religious elements found in the statutes of the university of coimbra were abolished and matriculations into first year of the theology faculty were cancelled as were places in the canon law course suppressing the teaching of christian doctrine religious holidays turned into working days keeping however the sunday as a resting day for labor reasons as well as that the armed forces were forbidden from participating in religious solemn events divorce and family laws were approved which considered marriage as a purely civil contract 127 128 bishops were persecuted expelled or suspended from their activities in the course of the secularization all but one were driven from their dioceses 129 the property of clerics was seized by the state wearing of the cassock was banned all minor seminaries were closed and all but five major seminaries 129 a law of 22 february 1918 permitted only two seminaries in the country but they had not been given their property back 129 religious orders were expelled from the country including 31 orders comprising members in 164 houses in 1917 some orders were permitted to form again 129 religious education was prohibited in both primary and secondary school 129 in response to the several anticlerical decrees portuguese bishops launched a collective pastoral defending the church s doctrine but its reading was prohibited by the government in spite of this some prelates continued to publicize the text among which was the bishop of porto antónio barroso this resulted in him being called to lisbon by afonso costa where he was stripped from his ecclesiastic functions the secularization peaked with the law of separation of the state and the church on 20 april 1911 130 with a large acceptance by the revolutionaries the law was only promulgated by the assembly in 1914 but its implementation was immediate after the publishing of the decree the portuguese church tried to respond classifying the law as injustice oppression spoliation and mockery but without success afonso costa even predicted the eradication of catholicism in the space of three generations 131 the application of the law began on 1 july 1911 with the creation of a central commission 132 as one commentator put it ultimately the church was to survive the official vendetta against organized religion 133 on 24 may 1911 pope pius x issued the encyclical iamdudum which condemned the anticlerical for their deprivation of religious civil liberties and the incredible series of excesses and crimes which has been enacted in portugal for the oppression of the church 134 international recognition edit bernardino machado was minister of foreign affairs in the provisional government a major concern of the new republican government was recognition by other nations in 1910 the vast majority of european states were monarchies only france switzerland and san marino were republics for this reason the minister of foreign affairs of the provisional government bernardino machado directed his agenda exercising extreme prudence 135 leading him on 9 october 1910 to communicate to diplomatic representatives in portugal that the provisional government would honor all the international commitments assumed by the previous regime 136 since marshal hermes da fonseca personally witnessed the full process of transition of the regime having arrived in portugal on an official visit when the country was still a monarchy and left when it was a republic 137 it is not unusual that brazil was the first country to recognise de jure the new portuguese political regime on 22 october the brazilian government declared that brazil will do all that is possible for the happiness of the noble portuguese nation and its government and for the prosperity of the new republic 138 the next day would be argentina s turn on the 29 it was nicaragua on the 31 uruguay on 16 and 19 november guatemala and costa rica peru and chile on 5 and 19 november venezuela on 23 february 1911 panama on 17 march 139 in june 1911 the united states declared support 140 less than a month after the revolution on 10 november 1910 the british government recognized de facto the portuguese republic manifesting the liveliest wish of his britannic majesty to maintain friendly relations with portugal 141 an identical position was taken by the spanish french and italian governments however de jure recognition of the new regime only emerged after the approval of the constitution and the election of the president of the republic the french republic was the first to do it on 24 august 1911 142 day of the election of the first president of the portuguese republic only on 11 september did the united kingdom recognize the republic accompanied by germany the austro hungarian empire 143 denmark spain italy and sweden on 12 september they were followed by belgium the netherlands and norway on 13 september china and japan on 15 september greece on 30 september russia 144 on 23 october romania on 23 november turkey on 21 december monaco and on 28 february 1912 siam owing to the tensions created between the young republic and the catholic church interaction with the holy see was suspended and the holy see did not recognize the portuguese republic until 29 june 1919 see also edit history of portugal 1834 1910 timeline of portuguese history references edit implantação da república infopédia 30 august 2010 a ditadura de joão franco e a autoria moral e política de d carlos avenidadaliberdade org 30 august 2010 archived from the original on 19 january 2012 joão franco vidas lusófonas 30 august 2010 archived from the original on 15 may 2011 1ª republica dossier temático dirigido às escolas pdf rede municipal de bibliotecas públicas do concelho de palmela 30 august 2010 archived from the original pdf on 23 april 2015 5 de outubro de 1910 a trajectória do republicanismo in devir 30 august 2010 archived from the original on 22 june 2011 quental antero de 1982 prosas sócio políticas 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