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the (120), and (95), affricate (79), affricates (54), voiceless (36), voiced (35), with (34), #fricative (33), ipa (32), for (32), are (30), languages (29), lateral (29), stop (28), from (26), alveolar (26), english (25), sibilant (23), edit (23), isbn (20), other (20), labial (20), articles (19), velar (19), language (18), phonetic (18), such (17), may (16), non (15), palatal (15), polish (15), that (15), this (14), german (13), trilled (13), not (13), also (13), have (13), articulation (12), plosive (12), retroflex (12), dental (12), pdf (12), ejective (11), release (11), uvular (11), help (11), sound (11), phonology (11), t͡ʃ (11), retrieved (10), university (10), consonant (10), has (10), d͡ʒ (10), reported (10), page (9), coronal (9), phonetics (9), original (9), archived (9), doi (9), contrast (9), italian (9), wikipedia (8), text (8), 2015 (8), international (8), glottal (8), nasal (8), place (8), bilabial (8), dialects (8), cambridge (8), sounds (8), some (8), most (8), t͡s 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Text of the page (random words):
though the corresponding stop consonants p and k are common or virtually universal also less common are alveolar affricates where the fricative release is lateral such as the t͡ɬ sound found in nahuatl and navajo some other athabaskan languages such as dene suline have unaspirated aspirated and ejective series of affricates whose release may be dental alveolar postalveolar or lateral t̪͡θ t̪͡θʰ t̪͡θʼ t͡s t͡sʰ t͡sʼ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃʼ t͡ɬ t͡ɬʰ and t͡ɬʼ notation edit affricates are transcribed in the international phonetic alphabet by a combination of two letters one for the stop element and the other for the fricative element in order to clarify that these form a single consonant a tie bar may be used the tie bar appears most commonly above the two letters but may be placed under them if it fits better there or simply because it is more legible 2 thus p͡f b͡v p͡ɸ b͡β t͡s d͡z t͡ɬ d͡ɮ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ᶘ d͡ᶚ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ k͡x ɡ͡ɣ q͡χ ɢ͡ʁ or p͜f b͜v p͜ɸ b͜β t͜s d͜z t͜ɬ d͜ɮ t͜ʃ d͜ʒ t͜ɕ d͜ʑ ʈ͜ʂ ɖ͜ʐ k͜x ɡ͜ɣ q͜χ ɢ͜ʁ a less common notation indicates the release of the affricate with a superscript pᶠ bᵛ pᶲ bᵝ tˢ dᶻ t d tᶴ dᶾ t d tᶝ dᶽ tᶳ dᶼ kˣ ɡˠ qᵡ ɢʶ this is derived from the ipa convention of indicating other releases with a superscript however this convention is more typically used for a fricated release that is too brief to be considered a true affricate though they are no longer standard ipa ligatures are available in unicode for the sibilant affricates which remain in common use ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ ʨ ʥ note 1 the remaining coronal affricates 3 were added to unicode 18 0 in 2026 for t͜θ d͜ð t͜ɬ d͡ɮ t͡ꞎ d͡ t͜ʆ d͡ʓ ligatures for the non coronal affricates pɸ bβ pf bv cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ gɣ qχ ɢʁ have also been used 4 any of these notations can be used to distinguish an affricate from a sequence of plosive plus fricative which is contrastive in languages such as polish however in languages where there is no such distinction within a syllable such as english or turkish a simple sequence of letters such as tʃ is commonly used with no overt indication that they form an affricate in such cases the syllable boundary may be written to distinguish the plosive fricative sequence in petshop ˈpɛt ʃɒp from the similar affricate in ketchup ˈkɛtʃʌp in other phonetic transcription systems such as the americanist system affricates may be transcribed with single letters the affricate t͜s may be transcribed as c or ȼ d͜z as ʒ ƶ or j t͜ʃ as c or č d͡ʒ as ǰ ǧ or ǯ t͜ɬ as ƛ and d͡ɮ as λ single letters may also be used with phonemic transcription in ipa tʃ and dʒ are sometimes transcribed with the symbols for the palatal stops c and ɟ for example in the ipa handbook contrast with stop fricative sequences edit in some languages affricates contrast phonemically with stop fricative sequences at the same place of articulation polish affricate t͡ʂ in czysta clean f versus stop fricative tʂ in trzysta three hundred 5 or affricate d͡ʐ in dżem jam versus stop fricative dʐ in drzem snooze 2nd person singular imperative klallam affricate t͡s in k ʷə́nc look at me versus stop fricative ts in k ʷə́nts he looks at it the exact phonetic difference varies between languages in stop fricative sequences the stop has a release burst before the fricative starts which in the case of klallam is aspirated tʰs but in affricates the fricative element is the release stop fricatives can be distinguished acoustically from affricates by the rise time of the frication noise which is shorter for affricates 6 page needed 7 page needed 8 page needed in english ts and dz nuts nods are stop fricative sequences they most often contain a morpheme boundary for example nuts nut s though there are exceptions such as waltz and adze the affricates t͡ʃ and d͡ʒ on the other hand do not allow morpheme boundaries the phonemic distinction in english between the affricate t͡ʃ and the stop fricative sequence t ʃ found across syllable boundaries can be observed by minimal pairs such as the following worst ship ˈwɜːstˈʃɪp ˌwɜːst ˈʃɪp worse chip ˈwɜːsˈt͡ʃɪp ˌwɜːs ˈt͡ʃʰɪp the t in worst ship may be elided wɜːsʃɪp but that of chip is not geminate affricates edit when affricates are geminated it is usually the duration of the plosive closure that is lengthened not that of the frication for example in most languages t͜sː is pronounced tːs not tsː 9 10 this is the case with italian and japanese however polish has been reported to be more variable with phonological gemination through rearticulation of the affricate lengthening of the plosive closure or less commonly lengthening of the fricative release so that t͜sː may be realized as tsts tːs or tsː 11 list of affricates edit in the case of coronals the symbols t d are normally used for the stop portion of the affricate regardless of place for example t͡ʂ is commonly seen for ʈ͡ʂ t͡ʃ for t̠͡ʃ and t͡θ for t̪͡θ the exemplar languages are ones that have been reported to have these sounds but in several cases they may need confirmation sibilant affricates edit voiceless languages voiced languages voiceless alveolar affricate t͡s albanian c georgian ც german z tz c japanese つ ツ tsu͍ kʼicheʼ mandarin z pinyin italian z pashto څ voiced alveolar affricate d͡z albanian x georgian ძ japanese some dialects italian z pashto ځ voiceless dental sibilant affricate t̪͡s̪ hungarian c macedonian ц serbo croatian c ц polish c voiced dental sibilant affricate d̪͡z̪ hungarian dz macedonian ѕ bulgarian дз polish dz voiceless alveolo palatal affricate t̠͡ɕ japanese ち チ tɕi mandarin j pinyin polish ć ci serbo croatian ć ћ thai จ vietnamese ch voiced alveolo palatal affricate d̠͡ʑ japanese じ ジ ぢ ヂ dʑi polish dź dzi serbo croatian đ ђ korean ㅈ voiceless palato alveolar affricate t̠͡ʃ albanian ç english ch tch georgian ჩ german tsch hungarian cs indonesian c italian ci ce latvian č lithuanian č maltese ċ persian چ romanian ci ce spanish ch turkish ç walloon tch voiced palato alveolar affricate d̠͡ʒ albanian xh arabic ج english j g georgian ჯ hungarian dzs indonesian j italian gi ge latvian dž lithuanian dž maltese ġ romanian gi ge turkish c walloon dj voiceless retroflex affricate ʈ͡ʂ mandarin zh pinyin polish cz serbo croatian č ч slovak č vietnamese tr voiced retroflex affricate ɖ͡ʐ polish dż serbo croatian dž џ slovak dž the northwest caucasian languages abkhaz and ubykh both contrast sibilant affricates at four places of articulation alveolar postalveolar alveolo palatal and retroflex they also distinguish voiceless voiced and ejective affricates at each of these when a language has only one type of affricate it is usually a sibilant this is the case in e g arabic d̠ʒ most dialects of spanish t̠ʃ and thai tɕ non sibilant affricates edit sound voiceless ipa languages sound voiced ipa languages voiceless bilabial affricate pɸ present allophonically in kaingang and taos not reported as a phoneme in any natural language voiced bilabial affricate bβ allophonic in banjun 12 and shipibo 13 voiceless labiodental affricate p̪f german teke xinkuna tsonga voiced labiodental affricate b̪v teke citation needed xinkuna tsonga voiceless dental non sibilant affricate t̪θ new york english luo dene suline cun some varieties of venetian and other north italian dialects voiced dental non sibilant affricate d̪ð new york 14 dublin 15 and maori english 16 dene suline voiceless retroflex non sibilant affricate tɻ̝̊ mapudungun citation needed malagasy voiced retroflex non sibilant affricate dɻ̝ malagasy voiceless palatal affricate cç skolt sami younger speakers hungarian casual speech albanian transcribed as c allophonically in kaingang voiced palatal affricate ɟʝ skolt sami younger speakers hungarian casual speech albanian transcribed as ɟ some spanish dialects not reported to contrast with a voiced palatal plosive ɟ voiceless velar affricate kx tswana citation needed high alemannic german voiced velar affricate ɡɣ allophonic in some english english 17 18 voiceless uvular affricate qχ nez percé wolof bats kabardian avar tsez not reported to contrast with a voiceless uvular plosive q in natural languages voiced uvular affricate ɢʁ reported from the raivavae dialect of austral 19 and ekagi with a velar lateral allophone ɡʟ̝ before front vowels voiceless pharyngeal affricate ʡħ haida not reported to contrast with an epiglottal stop ʡ voiced pharyngeal affricate ʡʕ somali pronounced ʡʕ or sometimes with weak epiglottal trilling ʡʢ initially otherwise realized as ʡ 20 voiceless glottal affricate ʔh allophonic in received pronunciation 21 voiced glottal affricate ʔɦ not attested in any natural language lateral affricates edit sound voiceless ipa languages sound voiced ipa languages voiceless alveolar lateral affricate tɬ cherokee nahuatl navajo tswana etc voiced alveolar lateral affricate dɮ gwich in sandawe voiceless retroflex lateral affricate ʈꞎ bhadrawahi apical post alveolar realization of phonemic ʈl in kamkata vari and kamvari 22 voiced retroflex lateral affricate ɖ bhadrawahi apical post alveolar realization of phonemic ɖl in kamkata vari and kamviri voiceless palatal lateral affricate c as ejective c ʼ in dahalo in free variation with t in hadza voiced palatal lateral affricate ɟʎ̝ allophonic in sandawe voiceless velar lateral affricate k as a prevelar in archi and as an ejective k ʼ in zulu citation needed also exist in the laghuu language voiced velar lateral affricate ɡʟ̝ laghuu trilled affricates edit main article trilled affricate sound voiceless ipa languages sound voiced ipa languages voiceless trilled bilabial affricate pʙ̥ not attested in any natural language voiced trilled bilabial affricate bʙ kele and avava reported only in an allophone of mb before o or u voiceless trilled alveolar affricate tr̥ ngkoth voiced trilled alveolar affricate dr nias fijian and avava also have this sound after n voiceless epiglottal affricate ʡʜ hydaburg haida voiced epiglottal affricate ʡʢ hydaburg haida cognate to southern haida ɢ masset haida ʕ 23 itene oro win sangtam and wari have a dental stop with bilabial trilled release t̪ʙ̥ heterorganic affricates edit although most affricates are homorganic navajo and chiricahua apache have a heterorganic alveolar velar affricate tx 24 25 26 27 28 29 itene oro win sangtam and wari have a voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate t̪ʙ̥ see trilled affricate blackfoot has ks and ps 30 31 32 other heterorganic affricates are reported for northern sotho 7 and other bantu languages such as phuthi which has alveolar labiodental affricates tf and dv and sesotho which has bilabial palatoalveolar affricates pʃ and bʒ djeoromitxi has ps and bz 33 phonation coarticulation and other variants edit the coronal and dorsal places of articulation attested as ejectives as well tθʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ tʂʼ c ʼ kxʼ k ʼ qχʼ several khoisan languages such as taa are reported to have voiced ejective affricates but these are actually pre voiced dtsʼ dtʃʼ affricates are also commonly aspirated ɱp̪fʰ tθʰ tsʰ tɬʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ tʂʰ murmured ɱb̪vʱ dðʱ dzʱ dɮʱ dʒʱ dʑʱ dʐʱ and prenasalized ⁿdz ⁿtsʰ ᶯɖʐ ᶯʈʂʰ as in hmong labialized palatalized velarized and pharyngealized affricates are also common affricates may also have phonemic length that is affected by a chroneme as in italian and karelian phonological representation edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2015 in phonology affricates tend to behave similarly to stops taking part in phonological patterns that fricatives do not kehrein 2002 analyzes phonetic affricates as phonological stops 34 a sibilant or lateral and presumably trilled stop can be realized phonetically only as an affricate and so might be analyzed phonemically as a sibilant or lateral stop in that analysis affricates other than sibilants and laterals are a phonetic mechanism for distinguishing stops at similar places of articulation like more than one labial coronal or dorsal place for example chipewyan has laminal dental t̪͡θ vs apical alveolar t other languages may contrast velar k with palatal c͡ç and uvular q͡χ affricates may also be a strategy to increase the phonetic contrast between aspirated or ejective and tenuis consonants according to kehrein 2002 no language contrasts a non sibilant non lateral affricate with a stop at the same place of articulation and with the same phonation and airstream mechanism such as t̪ and t̪θ or k and kx in feature based phonology affricates are distinguished from stops by the feature delayed release 35 affrication edit affrication sometimes called affricatization is a sound change by which a consonant usually a stop or fricative changes into an affricate examples include proto germanic k modern english t͡ʃ as in chin cf german kinn anglo frisian palatalization proto semitic ɡ standard arabic d͡ʒ in all positions as in جمل d͡ʒamal jamal camel cf aramaic גמלא gamlā amharic ግመል gəmäl and hebrew גמל gamal early modern english tj dj t͡ʃ d͡ʒ yod coalescence p t k pf t͡s kx in the high german consonant shift and partially also in cockney and scouse t t͡s t͡ʃ before ɯᵝ i respectively in 16th century japanese 36 r d͡ʒ d͡ʑ word initially in udmurt 37 polish tʲ dʲ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ brazilian portuguese t d t͡ʃ d͡ʒ before i ĩ in most regions quebec french t and d are affricated to t͡s and d͡z before i y j ɥ in most regions pre affrication edit in rare instances a fricative stop contour may occur this is the case in dialects of scottish gaelic that have velar frication ˣ where other dialects have pre aspiration for example in the harris dialect there is seachd ʃaˣkʰ seven and ochd ɔˣkʰ eight or ʃax͜kʰ ɔx͜kʰ 38 richard wiese argues this is the case for word initial fricative plosive sequences in german and coined the term suffricate for such contours 39 awngi has 2 suffricates s͡t and ʃ͡t according to some analyses 40 see also edit apical consonant hush consonant laminal consonant index of phonetics articles notes edit john laver created the para ipa letters ᶘ ᶚ for the not quite retroflex fricatives of polish sz and ż the affricates are polish cz and dż references edit roach peter 2009 english phonetics and phonology glassary pdf archived from the original pdf on april 12 2015 for example in niesler thomas louw philippa roux justus november 2005 phonetic analysis of afrikaans english xhosa and zulu using south african speech databases southern african linguistics and applied language studies 23 4 459 474 doi 10 2989 16073610509486401 issn 1607 3614 s2cid 7138676 miller kirk 2024 02 21 l2 24 051 unicode request for affricate ligatures pdf the universal phonetic symbol set in china 中国通用音标符号集 ministry of education of the people s republic of china language and writing standards no gf 3007 2006 gussmann edmund 2007 the phonology of polish oxford university press p 7 isbn 978 0 19 926747 7 howell rosen 1983 1 2 johnson 2003 mitani kitama sato 2006 ladefoged peter maddieson ian 1996 the sounds of the world s languages oxford blackwell p 92 isbn 0 631 19815 6 joshua wilbur 2014 a grammar of pite saami p 47 thurgood ela demenko grazyna january 2001...