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pp 12 13 modarressi 2003 p 17 modarressi 2003 p 3 hulmes 2008 p 45 1 2 lalani 2006 p 28 nasr 2006 pp 2 120 corbin 2006 pp 35 36 1 2 3 4 5 haj manouchehri 2015 alizadeh 2015 gibb 2012 shah kazemi 2019 p 72 steigerwald 2004 1 2 madelung 1997 pp 309 310 1 2 ayoub 2014 p 134 tabatabai 1975 pp 46 64 1 2 madelung 1997 p 310 shah kazemi 2007 p 189n1 1 2 glassé 2001 p 41 momen 1985 p 90 abbas 2021 p 63 shah kazemi 2019 pp 35 36 1 2 shah kazemi 2019 p 104 lalani 2006 momen 1985 pp 11 12 nasr et al 2015 p 706 nasr et al 2015 p 706 7 mavani 2013 p 46 mavani 2013 pp 70 71 momen 1985 pp 16 17 leaman 2006 momen 1985 pp 16 7 325 1 2 lalani 2000 p 66 momen 1985 p 152 mavani 2013 pp 41 60 mavani 2013 p 41 tabatabai 1975 p 35 miskinzoda 2015 p 76 momen 1985 pp 14 15 1 2 shah kazemi 2007 p 134 louër 2020 p 30 1 2 rauf 2007 p 201 rauf 2007 p 202 keaney 2021 p 136 lucas 2004 p 255 84 soufi 1997 p 120 crone 2005 p 135 shomali 2003 p 14 1 2 steigerwald 2004 p 36 poonawala 2014 p 305 momen 1985 p 147 1 2 daftary 2015 p 172 1 2 gleave 2004 mavani 2013 pp 52 53 momen 1985 pp 67 68 steigerwald 2004 p 37 mavani 2013 pp 52 53 tabatabai 1975 pp 186 189 haider 2014 p 42 mavani 2013 p 68 momen 1985 p 155 momen 1985 p 174 shah kazemi 2015a p 38 1 2 hoffman 2012 p 7 hoffman 2012 p 9 hoffman 2012 pp 9 10 gaiser 2010 p 43 nisan 2002 p 116 cosman jones 2009 p 407 atwan 2015 p 58 1 2 ismail 2016 p 67 moosa 1987 p 311 312 moosa 1987 p 312 esposito moosa 1995 p 64 nisan 2002 p 115 117 druze in syria harvard divinity school harvard university press archived from the original on 9 december 2023 retrieved 9 december 2023 jacobs 2014 p 193 1 2 mclaurin 1979 p 114 1 2 3 algar 1994 p 513 clarke 2005 p 59 robinson 2003 pp 27 28 34 madelung 1997 pp xi 19 20 donner 2010 p 628 vansina 1985 under the umayyad caliph ʿabd al malik ibn marwān the dome of the rock was built in jerusalem 691 692 there the word islām appears for the first time until this moment the muslims called themselves simply believers and coins were minted in the arabic empire showing christian symbols ibn marwān also plays a major role in the reworking of the quranic text see patricia crone michael cook hagarism 1977 p 29 yehuda d nevo crossroads to islam the origins of the arab religion and the arab state 2003 pp 410 413 karl heinz ohlig hrsg der frühe islam eine historisch kritische rekonstruktion anhand zeitgenössischer quellen 2007 pp 336 ff hoyland 2014 pp 158 160 shah kazemi 2006a brown 1999 pp 81 107 sunan abi dawud 4646 model behavior of the prophet kitab al sunnah كتاب السنة sunnah com sayings and teachings of prophet muhammad صلى الله عليه و سلم sunnah com hadith of lawh archived from the original on 28 february 2020 during his ascension muhammad experienced and witnessed such things related to ali that upon his return he said to ali ali if i had not witnessed your birth with my own eyes and embraced you with my own hands i would have believed that you were god literatur hadji bektach un mythe et ses avatars genhse et evolution du soufisme populaire en turquie brill academic pub 1998 isbn 90 04 10954 4 cem kirklar auf s 17 24 s 51 s 227 236 französisch ijtihadi interpretation of sanad criticism in the context of the narration about the return of the sun for ali b abū tālib the narration was considered as fabricated mawdu by scholars such as ali ibn al madini ahmad ibn hanbal ibn al jawzi ibn taymiyyah al zahabi ibn kathir ibn qayyim al jawziyya and muhammad nasiruddin al albani scholars such as ahmad ibn salih al misri tahawi qaḍi iyaz sibt ibn al jawzi mogultay ibn kilic al haythami abu zur a al iraqi ibn hajar al ayni al suyuti sahawi ali al qari munawi al ajluni and al qasimi regarded the hadith as sabit brockopp 2010 pp 61 80 conrad june 1987 abraham and muhammad some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early arabic historical tradition bulletin of the school of oriental and african studies 50 2 239 doi 10 1017 s0041977x00049016 ohlig 2007 pp 95 110 ohlig puin 2005 pp 63 66 behind the scenes of the biggest arabic tv series العربية in arabic 27 august 2012 retrieved 1 september 2026 arabic tv series depicting islamic figure triggers backlash the globe and mail 24 july 2012 retrieved 1 september 2026 references books abbas h 2021 the prophet s heir the life of ali ibn abi talib yale university press isbn 978 0 300 25205 7 adamec l w 2017 historical dictionary of islam third ed rowman littlefield isbn 978 1 4422 7723 6 afsaruddin a 2013 the first muslims history and memory oneworld publications isbn 978 1 85168 518 9 amir moezzi m a 1994 the divine guide in early shi ism the sources of esotericism in islam translated by streight david state university of new york press isbn 0 7914 2122 8 amir moezzi m a 2009 information doubts and contradictions in islamic sources in kohlberg e amir moezzi m a eds revelation and falsification brill pp 12 23 isbn 978 90 04 16782 7 aslan r 2005 no god but god the origins and evolution of islam random house isbn 1 58836 445 3 ayoub m m 2014 the crisis of muslim history religion and politics in early islam oneworld publications isbn 978 1 78074 674 6 bill j williams j a 2002 roman catholics and shi i muslims prayer passion and politics university of north carolina press isbn 0 8078 2689 8 esposito john l moosa matti 1995 alawiyyah the oxford encyclopedia of the modern islamic world vol 1 oxford university press isbn 0 19 509612 6 ismail raihan 2016 saudi clerics and shī a islam oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 023331 0 crone p 2005 medieval islamic political thought edinburgh university press isbn 0 7486 2194 6 atwan abdel bari 2015 islamic state the digital caliphate oakland university of california press isbn 978 0 520 28928 4 clarke l 2005 the rise and decline of taqiyya in twelver shi ism in lawson t ed reason and inspiration in islam theology philosophy and mysticism in muslim thought i b tauris pp 46 63 isbn 978 1 85043 470 2 cortese d calderini s 2006 women and the fatimids in the world of 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political history of the islamic empire up to the mongol conquest in esposito j l ed the oxford history of islam new york oxford university press pp 1 61 isbn 0 19 510799 3 donner f m 2010 muhammad and the believers at the origins of islam harvard university press isbn 978 0 674 06414 0 esposito j l 2003 the oxford dictionary of islam oxford university press isbn 0 19 512558 4 rauf f a 2007 what is sunni islam in cornell v j ed voices of islam vol 1 praeger pp 185 216 isbn 978 0 275 98733 6 haider n 2014 shi i islam an introduction cambridge university press isbn 978 1 107 03143 2 hajjar lisa 2005 courting conflict the israeli military court system in the west bank and gaza university of california press isbn 9780520241947 halm h 2004 shi ism translated by watson j hill m second ed edinburgh university press isbn 0 7486 1888 0 jacobs martin 2014 reorienting the east jewish travelers to the medieval muslim world university of pennsylvania press isbn 9780812290011 jafri s h m 1979 origins and early development of shi a islam longman isbn 0 582 78080 2 kassam z blomfield b 2015 remembering fatima and zaynab gender in perspective in daftary f sajoo a jiwa s eds the shi i world pathways in tradition and modernity i b tauris isbn 978 0 85772 967 5 keaney h n 2021 uthman ibn affan legend or liability oneworld publications isbn 978 1 78607 697 7 kelsay j 1993 islam and war a study in comparative ethics westminster john knox press isbn 0 664 25302 4 kennedy h 2016 the prophet and the age of the caliphates the islamic near east from the sixth to the eleventh century 3rd ed routledge isbn 978 1 138 78761 2 klemm v 2005 image formation of an islamic legend fāṭima the daughter of the prophet muḥammad in günther s ed ideas images and methods of portrayal insights into classical arabic literature and islam brill pp 181 208 isbn 978 90 474 0726 3 lalani a r 2000 early shī ī thought the teachings of imam muḥammad al bāqir i b tauris isbn 1 85043 592 8 lambton a k s 1991 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978 0852550076 veccia vaglieri l 1970 the patriarchal and umayyad caliphates in holt p m lambton a k s lewis b eds the cambridge history of islam vol 1 cambridge university press pp 57 103 watt w m 1960 muhammad at mecca oxford university press wain a hashim kamali m 2017 the architects of islamic civilisation pelanduk publications isbn 978 967 978 990 4 wellhausen j 1901 die religiös politischen oppositionsparteien im alten islam in german weidmannsche buchhandlung oclc 453206240 wellhausen j 1927 the arab kingdom and its fall translated by weir m g university of calcutta oclc 752790641 hazleton l 2009 after the prophet the epic story of the shia sunni split in islam doubleday isbn 978 0 385 53209 9 shomali m a 2003 shi i islam origins faith and practices islamic college for advanced studies press isbn 1 904063 11 x poonawala i k 2014 the evolution of al qādi al nu man s theory of ismaili jurisprudence as reflected in the chronology of his works on jurisprudence in daftary f miskinzoda g eds the study of shi i islam history theology and law i b tauris pp 295 351 isbn 978 1 78076 506 8 shah kazemi r 2015a imam ali in daftary f sajoo a b jiwa s eds the shi i world pathways in tradition and modernity i b tauris pp 33 55 isbn 978 1 78453 477 6 gaiser adam b 2010 muslims scholars and soldiers the origin and elaboration of the ibadi imamate traditions oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 973893 9 gaiser adam 2021 ibāḍiyya in fleet kate krämer gudrun matringe denis nawas john rowson everett eds encyclopaedia of islam 3rd ed brill online doi 10 1163 1573 3912_ei3_com_30614 issn 1873 9830 hoffman valerie jon 2012 the essentials of ibadi islam syracuse syracuse university press isbn 9780815650843 hoyland robert g 2014 in god s path the arab conquests and the creation of an islamic empire oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 020965 0 lapidus ira m 2014 a history of islamic societies berkeley university of california doi 10 1017 cbo9781139048828 isbn 978 0 521 51430 9 brockopp jonathan e 2010 the cambridge companion to muhammad cambridge university press doi 10 1017 ccol9780521886079 004 isbn 978 0 521 88607 9 ohlig karl heinz puin gerd r eds 2005 die dunklen anfänge neue forschungen zur entstehung und frühen geschichte des islam in german verlag hans schiler isbn 978 3 89930 128 1 ohlig karl heinz 2007 der frühe islam eine historisch kritische rekonstruktion anhand zeitgenössischer quellen verlag hans schiler isbn 978 3 89930 090 1 brown daniel w 1999 rethinking tradition in modern islamic thought cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 65394 7 encyclopedias encyclopædia iranica album stephen bates michael l floor willem 30 december 2012 15 december 1992 coins and coinage encyclopædia iranica vol vi 1 new york columbia university pp 14 41 doi 10 1163 2330 4804_eiro_com_7783 retrieved 23 may 2022 as the arabs of the ḥejāz had used the drahms of the sasanian emperors it was natural for them to leave many of the sasanian mints in operation striking coins like those of the emper...