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four major successor states that each held sway over different parts of the empire 99 two of these states the empire of nicaea and the empire of trebizond would contend for the remains of the empire in anatolia with the nicaean empire holding the northwestern coast and the trapezuntine empire holding the northeastern coast in 1255 the mongols swept through eastern and central anatolia and would remain until 1335 the ilkhanate garrison was stationed near ankara 98 100 after the decline of the ilkhanate from 1335 to 1353 the mongol empire s legacy in the region was the uyghur eretna dynasty that was overthrown by kadi burhan al din in 1381 101 by the end of the 14th century most of anatolia was controlled by various anatolian beyliks smyrna fell in 1330 and the last byzantine stronghold in anatolia philadelphia fell in 1390 the turkmen beyliks were under the control of the mongols at least nominally through declining seljuk sultans 102 103 the beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the mongol ilkhanids 104 the ottoman ruler osman i was the first turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s they bear the legend minted by osman son of ertugrul 105 since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in islamic practice only to a sovereign it can be considered that the ottoman turks had become formally independent from the mongol khans 106 ottoman empire edit further information ottoman empire territorial evolution of the ottoman empire between 1359 and 1683 among the turkish leaders the ottomans emerged as great power under osman i and his son orhan 107 108 the anatolian beyliks were successively absorbed into the rising ottoman empire during the 15th century 109 it is not well understood how the osmanlı ottoman turks came to dominate their neighbours as the history of medieval anatolia is still little known 110 the ottomans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of halicarnassus modern bodrum from the knights of saint john 111 modern times edit further information history of turkey ethnic map of asia minor in 1905 06 with the acceleration of the decline of the ottoman empire in the early 19th century and as a result of the expansionist policies of the russian empire in the caucasus many muslim nations and groups in that region mainly circassians crimean tatars azeris lezgis chechens muslim georgians 112 hamshenis 113 and several turkic groups left their homelands and settled in anatolia as the ottoman empire further shrank in the balkan regions and then fragmented during the balkan wars much of the non christian populations of its former possessions mainly balkan muslims bosniaks albanians turks serb muslims 114 muslim bulgarians and greek muslims such as the vallahades from greek macedonia were resettled in various parts of anatolia mostly in formerly christian villages throughout anatolia st polycarp church in modern day izmir a continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century when greeks from anatolia constantinople and pontus area migrated toward the newly independent kingdom of greece and also towards the united states the southern part of the russian empire latin america and the rest of europe mosque in ankara following the russo persian treaty of turkmenchay 1828 and the incorporation of eastern armenia into the russian empire another migration involved the large armenian population of anatolia which recorded significant migration rates from western armenia eastern anatolia toward the russian empire especially toward its newly established armenian provinces 115 anatolia remained multi ethnic until the early 20th century see the rise of nationalism under the ottoman empire during world war i the armenian genocide the greek genocide especially in pontus and the assyrian genocide almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of armenian greek and assyrian populations in anatolia and surrounding regions following the greco turkish war of 1919 1922 most remaining ethnic anatolian greeks were forced out during the 1923 population exchange between greece and turkey of the remainder most have left turkey since then leaving fewer than 5 000 greeks in anatolia today 116 new archival link needed according to morris and ze evi 4 million christians were ethnically cleansed from asia minor by the turks from 1894 to 1924 117 geology edit main article geology of turkey salty shores of lake tuz anatolia s terrain is structurally complex a central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east true lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the aegean mediterranean and the black sea coasts flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the kızıl river the coastal plains of çukurova and the valley floors of the gediz river and the büyük menderes river as well as some interior high plains in anatolia mainly around lake tuz salt lake and the konya basin konya ovasi there are two mountain ranges in southern anatolia the taurus and the zagros mountains 118 climate edit main article climate of turkey temperatures of anatolia ankara central anatolia antalya southern anatolia van eastern anatolia anatolia has a varied range of climates the central plateau is characterized by a continental climate with hot summers and cold snowy winters the south and west coasts enjoy a typical mediterranean climate with mild rainy winters and warm dry summers 119 the black sea and marmara coasts have a temperate oceanic climate with warm foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year ecoregions edit mediterranean climate is prevalent in the turkish riviera anatolia s dry central plateau there is a diverse number of plant and animal communities the mountains and coastal plain of northern anatolia experience a humid and mild climate there are temperate broadleaf mixed and coniferous forests the central and eastern plateau with its drier continental climate has deciduous forests and forest steppes western and southern anatolia which have a mediterranean climate contain mediterranean forests woodlands and scrub ecoregions euxine colchic deciduous forests these temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern anatolia lying between the mountains of northern anatolia and the black sea they include the enclaves of temperate rainforest lying along the southeastern coast of the black sea in eastern turkey and georgia 120 northern anatolian conifer and deciduous forests these forests occupy the mountains of northern anatolia running east and west between the coastal euxine colchic forests and the drier continental climate forests of central and eastern anatolia 121 central anatolian deciduous forests these forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central anatolia 122 central anatolian steppe these dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central anatolia and include halophytic salt tolerant plant communities 123 a panorama of the pontic mountains in the black sea region of northern anatolia turkey eastern anatolian deciduous forests this ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern anatolia the drier and more continental climate is beneficial for steppe forests dominated by deciduous oaks with areas of shrubland montane forest and valley forest 124 anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests these forests occupy the western mediterranean climate portion of the anatolian plateau pine forests mixed pine oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant 125 aegean and western turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests these mediterranean climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western anatolia bordering the aegean sea the ecoregion has forests of turkish pine pinus brutia oak forests and woodlands and maquis shrubland of turkish pine and evergreen sclerophyllous trees and shrubs including olive olea europaea strawberry tree arbutus unedo arbutus andrachne kermes oak quercus coccifera and bay laurel laurus nobilis 126 southern anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests these mountain forests occupy the mediterranean climate taurus mountains of southern anatolia conifer forests are predominant chiefly anatolian black pine pinus nigra cedar of lebanon cedrus libani taurus fir abies cilicica and juniper juniperus foetidissima and j excelsa broadleaf trees include oaks hornbeam and maples 127 eastern mediterranean conifer sclerophyllous broadleaf forests this ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern anatolia between the taurus mountains and the mediterranean sea plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands forests of aleppo pine pinus halepensis and turkish pine pinus brutia and dry oak quercus spp woodlands and steppes 128 demographics edit main article demographics of turkey the largest provinces in anatolia aside from the asian side of istanbul are ankara i̇zmir bursa antalya konya adana kocaeli mersin manisa kayseri samsun balıkesir aydın maraş sakarya muğla denizli eskişehir trabzon ordu afyon sivas tokat zonguldak kütahya çanakkale osmaniye and çorum all have populations of more than 500 000 129 see also edit turkey portal aeolis anatolian hypothesis anatolianism anatolian leopard anatolian plate anatolian shepherd ancient kingdoms of anatolia antigonid dynasty doris asia minor empire of nicaea empire of trebizond gordium lycaonia midas miletus myra pentarchy pontic greeks rumi saint anatolia saint john saint nicholas saint paul seleucid empire seven churches of asia seven sleepers tarsus troad turkic migration notes edit additional alternative names include asian asiatic turkey the anatolian peninsula and the anatolian plateau references edit citations edit 1 2 3 hopkins daniel j staff merriam webster 편집부 2001 merriam webster s geographical dictionary merriam webster p 46 isbn 978 0 87779 546 9 archived from the original on 28 november 2021 retrieved 18 may 2001 anatolia the part of turkey in asia equivalent to the peninsula of asia minor up to indefinite line on e from gulf of iskenderun to black sea comprising about three fifths of turkey s provinces 1 2 mccoll 2014 p 922 thrace its european area is about the size of vermont at 9 412 square mi 24 378 square km its asian area asia minor is called anatolia and covers 291 971 square mi 756 202 square km cohen 2008 p 125 anatolia gr sunrise asiatic part of turkey its area covers 97 of all turkey tockner uehlinger robinson 2009 about 97 of the country is in asia minor anatolia and 3 in europe thrace turkey the world factbook central intelligence agency archived from the original on 18 june 2022 retrieved 20 february 2024 the 97 of the country in asia is referred to as anatolia anatolia encyclopedia britannica retrieved 29 february 2024 anatolia the peninsula of land that today constitutes the asian portion of turkey steadman mcmahon 2011 p 466 howard 2016 p 7 helen chapin metz ed 1995 turkey a country study geography washington gpo for the library of congress retrieved 31 may 2024 the asian part of the country is known by a variety of names asia minor asiatic turkey the anatolian plateau and anatolia anadolu stephen mitchell 6 july 1995 anatolia land men and gods in asia minor vol 2 oxford university press isbn 0 19 815029 6 konda 2006 p 19 comrie 2018 p 537 1 2 turkey turkiye the world factbook central intelligence agency archived from the original on 18 june 2022 retrieved 9 october 2024 1 2 konda 2006 p 17 genocide in armenia holocaust museum houston archived from the original on 31 august 2023 retrieved 2 april 2026 1 2 3 illustration of the lake later sea of marmara and the formation of the turkish straits after the black sea deluge www ncdc noaa gov 26 january 2014 archived from the original on 31 august 2021 retrieved 22 may 2021 1 2 3 dimitrov p 2003 the black sea a clue to the secret of world flood archived 21 may 2021 at the wayback machine oceanology 4 52 57 1 2 3 dimitrov p d dimitrov 2004 the black sea the flood and the ancient myths archived 15 may 2021 at the wayback machine slavena varna isbn 954579335x 91 pp doi 10 13140 rg 2 2 18954 16327 philipp niewohner 2017 the archaeology of byzantine anatolia from the end of late antiquity until the coming of the turks oxford university press pp 18 isbn 978 0 19 061047 0 archived from the original on 11 march 2020 retrieved 7 december 2018 1 2 stephen mitchell 1995 anatolia land men and gods in asia minor the celts in anatolia and the impact of roman rule clarendon press 266 pp isbn 978 0198150299 archived 29 march 2017 at the wayback machine 1 2 sahakyan lusine 2010 turkification of the toponyms in the ottoman empire and the republic of turkey montreal arod books isbn 978 0 9699879 7 0 1 2 hovannisian richard 2007 the armenian genocide cultural and ethical legacies new brunswick nj transaction publishers p 3 isbn 978 1 4128 3592 3 archived from the original on 10 october 2017 retrieved 10 september 2015 a comparative analysis regarding pictures included in secondary school geography textbooks taught in turkey archived 13 april 2015 at the wayback machine okan yasar and mehmet seremet international research in geographical and environmental education 2007 vazken khatchig davidian imagining ottoman armenia realism and allegory in garabed nichanian s provincial wedding in moush and late ottoman art criticism p 7 footnote 34 in études arméniennes contemporaines volume 6 2015 fevzi özgökçe kit tan vladimir stevanović 2005 a new subspecies of silene acaulis caryophyllaceae from east anatolia turkey annales botanici fennici 42 2 143 149 jstor 23726860 palumbi giulio 5 september 2011 mcmahon gregory steadman sharon eds the chalcolithic of eastern anatolia the oxford handbook of ancient anatolia 1 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780195376142 013 0009 archived from the original on 12 may 2018 retrieved 6 may 2018 henry george liddell robert scott ἀνατολή a greek english lexicon archived from the original on 26 may 2007 retrieved 20 february 2021 1 2 anatolia origin and meaning of the name anatolia online etymology dictionary archived from the original on 13 july 2017 retrieved 14 may 2021 on the first thema called anatolikón this theme is called anatolikón or theme of the anatolics not because it is above and in the direction of the east where the sun rises but because it lies to the east of byzantium and europe constantine vii porphyrogenitus de thematibus ed a pertusi vatican vatican library 1952 pp 59 ff john haldon byzantium a history 2002 p 32 bryce 2009 pp 297 98 henry george liddell robert scott ἀσία archived 27 april 2011 at the wayback machine a greek english lexicon on perseus everett heath john 2018 anatolia the concise dictionary of world place names vol 1 oxford university 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