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the public sector the council of innovation science and business is the organ of the autonomous government responsible for universities research technological development industry and energy the council coordinates and initiates scientific and technical innovation through specialized centers an initiatives such as the andalusian center for marine science and technology centro andaluz de ciencia y tecnología marina and technological corporation of andalusia corporación tecnológica de andalucía within the private sphere although also promoted by public administration technology parks have been established throughout the community such as the technological park of andalucia parque tecnológico de andalucía in campanillas on the outskirts of málaga and cartuja 93 in seville some of these parks specialize in specific sector such as aerópolis es in aerospace or geolit es in food technology the andalusian government deployed 600 000 ubuntu desktop computers in their schools media edit andalusia has international national regional and local media organizations which are active gathering and disseminating information as well as creating and disseminating entertainment the most notable is the public radio y televisión de andalucía rtva broadcasting on two regional television channels canal sur and canal sur 2 four regional radio stations canal sur radio canal fiesta radio radio andalucía información and canal flamenco radio as well as various digital signals most notably canal sur andalucía available on cable tv throughout spain 147 newspapers edit different newspapers are published for each andalusian provincial capital comarca or important city often the same newspaper organization publishes different local editions with much shared content with different mastheads and different local coverage there are also popular papers distributed without charge again typically with local editions that share much of their content no single andalusian newspaper is distributed throughout the region not even with local editions in eastern andalusia the diario ideal has editions tailored for the provinces of almería granada and jaén grupo joly is based in andalucia backed by andalusian capital and publishes eight daily newspapers there efforts to create a newspaper for the entire autonomous region have not succeeded the most recent as of 2009 was the diario de andalucía the national press el país el mundo abc etc include sections or editions specific to andalusia public television edit rtva s headquarters a former train station in córdoba andalusia has two public television stations both operated by radio y televisión de andalucía rtva canal sur first broadcast on 28 february 1989 andalusia day canal sur 2 first broadcast 5 june 1998 programming focuses on culture sports and programs for children and youth in addition rtva also operates the national and international cable channel canal sur andalucía which first broadcast in 1996 as andalucía televisión radio edit there are four public radio stations in the region all operated by rtva canal sur radio es first broadcast october 1988 radio andalucía información es first broadcast september 1998 canal fiesta radio es first broadcast january 2001 canal flamenco radio es first broadcast 29 september 2008 art and culture edit flamenco dance and music is native to andalusia the patrimony of andalusia has been shaped by its particular history and geography as well as its complex flows of population andalusia has been home to a succession of peoples and civilizations many very different from one another each impacting the settled inhabitants the ancient iberians were followed by celts phoenicians and other eastern mediterranean traders romans migrating germanic tribes arabs or berbers all have shaped the spanish patrimony in andalusia which was already diffused widely in the literary and pictorial genre of the costumbrismo andaluz 148 149 in the 19th century andalusian culture came to be widely viewed as the spanish culture par excellence in part thanks to the perceptions of romantic travellers in the words of ortega y gasset andalusia which has never shown the swagger nor petulancy of particularism that has never pretended to the status of a state apart is of all the spanish regions the one that possesses a culture most radically its own throughout the 19th century spain has submitted itself to the hegemonic influence of andalusia that century began with the cortes of cádiz it ended with the assassination of cánovas del castillo malagueño from málaga and the exaltation of silvela no less malagueño the dominant ideas have an andalusian accent one paints andalusia a roof terrace some flowerpots blue sky one reads southern authors one speaks at all times of the land of the most holy virgin mary the thief from the sierra morena and the smuggler are national heroes all spain feels its existence justified by the honor of having on its flanks the andalusian piece of the planet around 1900 like so many other things this changes the north sits up 150 ortega y gasset teoría de andalucía 1927 arts edit andalusian antonio de torres jurado in the 19th century invented the current classical guitar andalusia has been the birthplace of many great artists the classic painters velázquez murillo and juan de valdés leal the sculptors juan martínez montañés alonso cano and pedro de mena and such modern painters as daniel vázquez díaz and pablo picasso the spanish composer manuel de falla was from cádiz and incorporated typical andalusian melodies in his works as did joaquín turina from seville the great singer camarón de la isla was born in san fernando and andrés segovia who helped shape the romantic modernist approach to classical guitar was born in linares jaén the virtuoso flamenco guitar player paco de lucia who helped internationalize flamenco was born in algeciras cádiz architecture edit the alhambra in granada since the neolithic era andalusia has preserved important megaliths such as the dolmens at the cueva de menga and the dolmen de viera both at antequera archeologists have found bronze age cities at los millares and el argar archeological digs at doña blanca in el puerto de santa maría have revealed the oldest phoenicians city in the iberian peninsula major ruins have also been revealed at roman italica near seville 151 some of the greatest architecture in andalusia was developed across several centuries and civilizations and the region is particularly famous for its islamic and moorish architecture which includes the alhambra complex generalife 152 and the mosque cathedral of córdoba a patio andaluz in córdoba the traditional architecture of andalusia retains its roman with arab influences brought by muslims with a marked mediterranean character strongly conditioned by the climate traditional urban houses are constructed with shared walls to minimize exposure to high exterior temperatures solid exterior walls are painted with lime to minimize the heating effects of the sun in accord with the climate and tradition of each area the roofs may be terraces or tiled in the roman imbrex and tegula style one of the most characteristic elements and one of the most obviously influenced by roman architecture is the interior patio or courtyard the patios of córdoba are particularly famous other characteristic elements are decorative and functional wrought iron gratings and the tiles known as azulejos landscaping both for common private homes and homes on a more lavish scale also carries on older traditions with plants flowers and fountains pools and streams of water beyond these general elements there are also specific local architectural styles such as the flat roofs roofed chimneys and radically extended balconies of the alpujarra the cave dwellings of guadix and of granada s sacromonte or the traditional architecture of the marquisate of zenete 153 church of el salvador in úbeda the monumental architecture of the centuries immediately after the reconquista often displayed an assertion of christian hegemony through architecture that referenced non arab influences citation needed some of the greatest renaissance buildings in andalusia are from the then kingdom of jaén the jaén cathedral designed in part by andrés de vandelvira served as a model for the málaga cathedral and guadix cathedral citation needed the centers of úbeda and baeza dating largely from this era are unesco world heritage sites seville and its kingdom also figured prominently in this era as is shown by the casa consistorial de sevilla the hospital de las cinco llagas or the charterhouse of jerez de la frontera the palace of charles v in granada is uniquely important for its italianate purism 154 andalusia also has such baroque era buildings as the palace of san telmo in seville seat of the current autonomic presidency the church of our lady of reposo in campillos and the granada charterhouse 155 academicism gave the region the royal tobacco factory in seville and neoclassicism the nucleus of cádiz such as its city hall es royal prison and the oratorio de la santa cueva citation needed revivalist architecture in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed the buildings of the ibero american exposition of 1929 in seville including the neo mudéjar plaza de españa andalusia also preserves an important industrial patrimony related to various economic activities besides the architecture of the cities there is also rural architecture houses as well as ranch and farm buildings and dog houses 156 sculpture edit crying over the dead christ pedro millán es museum of fine arts of seville the iberian reliefs of osuna lady of baza and león de bujalance ca es the phoenician sarcophagi of cádiz and the roman sculptures of the baetic cities such as italica give evidence of traditions of sculpture in andalusia dating back to antiquity 157 there are few significant surviving sculptures from the time of al andalus two notable exceptions are the lions of the alhambra and of the maristán of granada the nasrid hospital in the albaicín the sevillian school of sculpture dating from the 13th century onward and the granadan school beginning toward the end of the 16th century both focused primarily on christian religious subject matter including many wooden altarpieces notable sculptors in these traditions include lorenzo mercadante de bretaña pedro millán es juan martínez montañés pedro roldán josé de arce es jerónimo balbás alonso cano and pedro de mena 158 non religious sculpture has also existed in andalusia since antiquity a fine example from the renaissance era is the decoration of the casa de pilatos in seville nonetheless non religious sculpture played a relatively minor role until such 19th century sculptors as antonio susillo es painting edit pablo picasso la fuensanta considered a quintessential rendition of andalusian beauty 159 as in sculpture there were sevillian es and the granadan es schools of painting the former has figured prominently in the history of spanish art since the 15th century and includes such important artists as zurbarán velázquez and murillo as well as art theorists such as francisco pacheco the museum of fine arts of seville and the prado 160 contain numerous representative works of the sevillian school of painting a specific romantic genre known as costumbrismo andaluz depicts traditional and folkloric andalusian subjects such as bullfighting scenes dogs and scenes from andalusia s history important artists in this genre include manuel barrón josé garcía ramos gonzalo bilbao and julio romero de torres the genre is well represented in the private carmen thyssen bornemisza collection part of which is on display at madrid s thyssen bornemisza museum and carmen thyssen museum in málaga 161 málaga also has been and is an important artistic center its most illustrious representative was pablo picasso one of the most influential artists of the 20th century the city has a museum and natal house foundation dedicated to the painter literature and philosophy edit the 1492 gramática by antonio de nebrija andalusia plays a significant role in the history of spanish language literature although not all of the important literature associated with andalusia was written in spanish before 1492 there was the literature written in andalusian arabic hispano arabic authors native to the region include ibn hazm ibn zaydún ibn tufail al mu tamid ibn al khatib ibn al yayyab and ibn zamrak 162 or andalusian hebrew poets as solomon ibn gabirol ibn quzman of the 12th century crafted poems in the colloquial andalusian language 163 in 1492 antonio de nebrija published his celebrated gramática de la lengua castellana grammar of the castilian language the first such work for a modern european language in 1528 francisco delicado wrote la lozana andaluza a novel in the orbit of la celestina and in 1599 the sevillian mateo alemán wrote the first part of guzmán de alfarache the first picaresque novel with a known author the prominent humanist literary school of seville included such writers as juan de mal lara fernando de herrera gutierre de cetina luis barahona de soto juan de la cueva gonzalo argote de molina and rodrigo caro the córdoban luis de góngora was the greatest exponent of the culteranismo of baroque poetry in the siglo de oro 164 indeed the style is often referred to as góngorismo literary romanticism in spain had one of its great centers in andalusia with such authors as ángel de saavedra 3rd duke of rivas josé cadalso and gustavo adolfo bécquer costumbrismo andaluz existed in literature as much as in visual art with notable examples being the escenas andaluzas of serafín estébanez calderón and the works of pedro antonio de alarcón andalusian authors ángel ganivet manuel gómez moreno manuel and antonio machado and francisco villaespesa are all generally counted in the generation of 98 also of this generation were the quintero brothers dramatists who faithfully captured andalusian dialects and idiosyncrasies also of note 1956 nobel prize winning poet juan ramón jiménez was a native of moguer near huelva federico garcía lorca prominent poet executed by francoists during the spanish civil war a large portion of the avant garde generation of 27 who gathered at the ateneo de sevilla on the 300th anniversary of góngora s death were andalusians federico garcía lorca luis cernuda rafael alberti manuel altolaguirre emilio prados and 1977 nobel laureate vicente aleixandre 165 certain andalusian fictional characters have become universal archetypes prosper mérimée s gypsy carmen p d eastman s perro pierre beaumarchais s fígaro and tirso de molina s don juan as in most regions of spain the principal form of popular verse is the romance although there are also strophes specific to andalusia such as the soleá or the soleariya es it ballads lullabies street vendor s cries nursery rhymes and work songs are plentiful among the philosophers native to the region can be counted sen...
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