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rds formemrs 1827 scientific career fields physics mathematics workplaces école polytechnique collège de france signature electromagnetism electricity magnetism optics history computational textbooks phenomena electrostatics electric charge charge density coulomb s law electric field electric flux gauss s law electric potential potential energy conductor electret electric dipole electrostatic discharge electrostatic induction insulator permittivity polarization static electricity triboelectricity magnetostatics magnetic field ampère s law ampère s force law biot savart law gauss s law for magnetism magnetic dipole magnetic flux magnetic scalar potential magnetic vector potential magnetization permeability right hand rule electrodynamics maxwell s equations displacement current electromagnetic field lorentz force helmholtz theorem retarded potentials liénard wiechert potential jefimenko s equations radiation cyclotron radiation faraday s law eddy current induction lenz s law electromagnetic mass abraham lorentz force larmor formula poynting s theorem maxwell tensor electrical network alternating current capacitance current density direct current electric current electric power electrolysis electromotive force impedance inductance joule heating kirchhoff s laws network analysis ohm s law parallel circuit resistance resonant cavities series circuit voltage watt waveguides london equations magnetic circuit ac motor dc motor electric machine electric motor gyrator capacitor induction motor linear motor magnetomotive force permeance reluctance complex reluctance real rotor stator transformer covariant formulation electromagnetic tensor electromagnetism and special relativity four current four potential mathematical descriptions maxwell equations in curved spacetime relativistic electromagnetism stress energy tensor synchrotron radiation bremsstrahlung scientists ampère arago biot coulomb davy einstein faraday fitzgerald fizeau franklin galvani gauss gibbs gilbert green heaviside helmholtz henry hertz hopkinson joule kelvin kirchhoff larmor lenz liénard lorentz maxwell neumann ohm ørsted poisson poynting ritchie savart singer steinmetz tesla thomson volta weber wiechert v t e andré marie ampère a 20 january 1775 10 june 1836 2 was a french physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism which he referred to as electrodynamics he made also important contributions in chemistry and philosophy he is also the inventor of numerous applications such as the solenoid a term coined by him and the electrical telegraph as an autodidact ampère was a member of the french academy of sciences and professor at the école polytechnique and the collège de france the si unit of electric current the ampere a is named after him his name is also one of the 72 names inscribed on the eiffel tower the term kinematic is the english version of his cinématique 3 which he constructed from the greek κίνημα kinema movement motion itself derived from κινεῖν kinein to move 4 5 biography edit early life edit andré marie ampère was born on 20 january 1775 in lyon to jean jacques ampère a prosperous businessman and jeanne antoinette desutières sarcey ampère during the height of the french enlightenment he spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at poleymieux au mont d or near lyon a house that today hosts the ampère museum dedicated to his life and to the history of electricity 6 jean jacques ampère a successful merchant was an admirer of the philosophy of jean jacques rousseau whose theories of education as outlined in his treatise émile were the basis of ampère s education rousseau believed that young boys should avoid formal schooling and pursue instead a direct education from nature ampère s father actualized this ideal by allowing his son to educate himself within the walls of his well stocked library french enlightenment masterpieces such as georges louis leclerc comte de buffon s histoire naturelle générale et particulière begun in 1749 and denis diderot and jean le rond d alembert s encyclopédie volumes added between 1751 and 1772 thus became ampère s schoolmasters 7 the young ampère however soon resumed his latin lessons which enabled him to master the works of leonhard euler and daniel bernoulli 8 french revolution edit portrait of ampère by an unknown artist in addition ampère used his access to the latest books to begin teaching himself advanced mathematics at age 12 in later life ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew but as a polymath his reading embraced history travels poetry philosophy and the natural sciences 8 his mother was a devout catholic so ampère was also initiated into the catholic faith along with enlightenment science the french revolution 1789 99 that began during his youth was also influential ampère s father was called into public service by the new revolutionary government 9 becoming a local judge juge de paix in a small town near lyon when the jacobin faction seized control of the revolutionary government in 1792 his father jean jacques ampère resisted the new political tides and he was guillotined on 24 november 1793 as part of the jacobin purges of the period in 1796 ampère met julie carron and in 1799 they were married ampère took his first regular job in 1799 as a mathematics teacher which gave him the financial security to marry carron and father his first child jean jacques named after his father the next year jean jacques ampère eventually achieved his own fame as a scholar of languages ampère s maturation corresponded with the transition to the napoleonic regime in france and the young father and teacher found new opportunities for success within the technocratic structures favoured by the new french first consul in 1802 ampère was appointed a professor of physics and chemistry at the école centrale in bourg en bresse leaving his ailing wife and infant son in lyon he used his time in bourg to research mathematics producing considérations sur la théorie mathématique du jeu 1802 considerations on the mathematical theory of games a treatise on mathematical probability that he sent to the paris academy of sciences in 1803 teaching career edit essai sur la philosophie des sciences after the death of his wife in july 1803 10 ampère moved to paris where he began a tutoring post at the new école polytechnique in 1804 despite his lack of formal qualifications ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809 as well as holding positions at this school until 1828 in 1819 and 1820 ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy respectively at the university of paris and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the collège de france in 1814 ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new institut impérial the umbrella under which the reformed state academy of sciences would sit ampère engaged in a diverse array of scientific inquiries during the years leading up to his election to the academy writing papers and engaging in topics from mathematics and philosophy to chemistry and astronomy which was customary among the leading scientific intellectuals of the day ampère claimed that at eighteen years he found three culminating points in his life his first communion the reading of antoine leonard thomas s eulogy of descartes and the taking of the bastille on the day of his wife s death he wrote two verses from the psalms and the prayer o lord god of mercy unite me in heaven with those whom you have permitted me to love on earth in times of duress he would take refuge in the reading of the bible and the fathers of the church 11 a lay catholic he took for a time into his family the young student frédéric ozanam 1813 1853 one of the founders of the conference of charity later known as the society of saint vincent de paul 12 ozanam would much later be beatified by pope john paul ii in 1998 through ampère ozanam had contact with leaders of the neo catholic movement such as françois rené de chateaubriand jean baptiste henri lacordaire and charles forbes rené de montalembert 12 work in electromagnetism edit in september 1820 ampère s friend and eventual eulogist françois arago showed the members of the french academy of sciences the surprising discovery by danish physicist hans christian ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism furthering ørsted s experimental work ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions respectively this laid the foundation of electrodynamics he also applied mathematics in generalizing physical laws from these experimental results the most important of these was the principle that came to be called ampère s law which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents ampère also applied this same principle to magnetism showing the harmony between his law and french physicist charles augustin de coulomb s law of electric action ampère s devotion to and skill with experimental techniques anchored his science within the emerging fields of experimental physics ampère also provided a physical understanding of the electromagnetic relationship theorizing the existence of an electrodynamic molecule the forerunner of the idea of the electron that served as the component element of both electricity and magnetism using this physical explanation of electromagnetic motion ampère developed a physical account of electromagnetic phenomena that was both empirically demonstrable and mathematically predictive almost 100 years later in 1915 albert einstein together with wander johannes de haas made the proof of the correctness of ampère s hypothesis through the einstein de haas effect in 1826 ampère published his magnum opus mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l experience memoir on the mathematical theory of electrodynamic phenomena uniquely deduced from experience the work that coined the name of his new science electrodynamics and became known ever after as its founding treatise the monge ampère equation is named after ampère and gaspard monge ampère contributed to the treatment of nonlinear partial differential equations in the study of geometry of surfaces in 1820 13 in 1827 ampère was elected a foreign member of the royal society and in 1828 a foreign member of the royal swedish academy of science 14 probably the highest recognition came from james clerk maxwell who in his treatise on electricity and magnetism named ampère the newton of electricity 15 latter years and death edit during the final eight years of his life he returned to his polymath ways and turned his attention to the theory of knowledge after reading kant s critique of pure reason but he couldn t make his ideas intelligible to his contemporaries who eventually regarded him as a figure of fun increasingly absent minded his final years were characterised by poverty and illness in 1836 on a trip to marseilles he died of a lung infection in 1896 his coffin was taken to paris and re interred at montmartre cemetry 16 honours edit 8 10 1825 member of the royal academy of science letters and fine arts of belgium 17 chevalier of the order of legion of honour 1814 legacy edit an international convention signed at the 1881 international exposition of electricity established the ampere as one of the standard units of electrical measurement in recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science and along with the coulomb volt ohm watt and farad which are named respectively after ampère s contemporaries charles augustin de coulomb of france alessandro volta of italy georg ohm of germany james watt of scotland and michael faraday of england ampère s name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the eiffel tower many streets and squares are named after ampère as are schools a lyon metro station a graphics processing unit microarchitecture a mountain on the moon an asteroid 18 and an electric ferry in norway 19 a town in brazil ampére in the state of parana is named after ampère writings edit considérations sur la théorie mathématique du jeu perisse lyon paris 1802 online lesen im internet archiv andré marie ampère 1822 recueil d observations électro dynamiques contenant divers mémoires notices extraits de lettres ou d ouvrages périodiques sur les sciences relatifs a l action mutuelle de deux courans électriques à celle qui existe entre un courant électrique et un aimant ou le globe terrestre et à celle de deux aimans l un sur l autre in french chez crochard retrieved 26 september 2010 andré marie ampère babinet jacques m 1822 exposé des nouvelles découvertes sur l électricité et le magnétisme in german chez méquignon marvis retrieved 26 september 2010 andré marie ampère 1824 description d un appareil électro dynamique in french chez crochard et bachelie retrieved 26 september 2010 andré marie ampère 1826 théorie des phénomènes électro dynamiques uniquement déduite de l expérience in french méquignon marvis retrieved 26 september 2010 andré marie ampère 1883 théorie mathématique des phénomènes électro dynamiques uniquement déduite de l expérience in french 2nd ed a hermann retrieved 26 september 2010 andré marie ampère 1834 essai sur la philosophie des sciences ou exposition analytique d une classification naturelle de toutes les connaissances humaines in german chez bachelier retrieved 26 september 2010 andré marie ampère 1834 essai sur la philosophie des sciences in german vol bd 1 chez bachelier retrieved 26 september 2010 andré marie ampère 1843 essai sur la philosophie des sciences in german vol bd 2 bachelier retrieved 26 september 2010 partial translations magie w m 1963 a source book in physics harvard cambridge ma pp 446 460 lisa m dolling arthur f gianelli glenn n statile eds 2003 the tests of time readings in the development of physical theory princeton princeton university press pp 157 162 isbn 978 0691090856 complete translations ampère andré marie 2015 andré koch torres assis ed ampère s electrodynamics analysis of the meaning and evolution of ampère s force between current elements together with a complete translation of his masterpiece theory of electrodynamic phenomena uniquely deduced from experience pdf translated by j p m c chaib montreal apeiron isbn 978 1 987980 03 5 archived pdf from the original on 9 october 2022 ampère andré marie 2015 mathematical theory of electrodynamic phenomena uniquely derived from experiments michael d godfrey stanford university trans notes edit uk ˈ æ m p ɛər us ˈ æ m p ɪər 1 french...