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jor events of sadat s presidency were his corrective revolution to consolidate power in 1971 the break when with egypt s long time ally and aid giver the ussr the yom kippur war with israel the camp david accords and the egypt israel peace treaty the opening up or infitah of egypt s economy and lastly his assassination in 1981 sadat succeeded nasser as president after the latter s death in october 1970 27 sadat s presidency was widely expected to be short lived 28 viewing him as having been little more than a puppet of the former president nasser s supporters in government settled on sadat as someone they could manipulate easily sadat surprised everyone with a series of astute political moves by which he was able to retain the presidency and emerge as a leader in his own right 29 on 15 may 1971 30 sadat announced his corrective revolution purging the government political and security establishments of the most ardent nasserists sadat encouraged the emergence of an islamist movement which had been suppressed by nasser believing islamists to be socially conservative he gave them considerable cultural and ideological autonomy in exchange for political support 31 in 1971 as part of the jarring mission three years into the war of attrition in the suez canal zone sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of un negotiator gunnar jarring which seemed to lead to a full peace with israel on the basis of israel s withdrawal to its pre war borders this peace initiative failed as neither israel nor the united states of america accepted the terms as discussed then 32 33 corrective revolution main article corrective revolution egypt shortly after taking office sadat shocked many egyptians by dismissing and imprisoning two of the most powerful figures in the regime vice president ali sabri who had close ties with soviet officials and sharawi gomaa the interior minister who controlled the secret police 28 sadat s rising popularity would accelerate after he cut back the powers of the hated secret police 28 expelled soviet military from the country 34 and reformed the egyptian army for a renewed confrontation with israel 28 yom kippur war main article yom kippur war egyptian vehicles crossing the suez canal on october 7 1973 during the yom kippur war on 6 october 1973 in conjunction with hafez al assad of syria sadat launched the october war also known as the yom kippur war and less commonly as the ramadan war a surprise attack against the israeli forces occupying the egyptian sinai peninsula 35 and the syrian golan heights in an attempt to retake these respective egyptian and syrian territories that had been occupied by israel since the six day war six years earlier the egyptian and syrian performance in the initial stages of the war astonished both israel and the arab world the most striking achievement operation badr also known as the crossing was the egyptian military s advance approximately 15 km into the occupied sinai peninsula after penetrating and largely destroying the bar lev line this line was popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive chain as the war progressed three divisions of the israeli army led by general ariel sharon had crossed the suez canal trying to encircle first the egyptian second army although this failed prompted by an agreement between the united states of america and the soviet union the united nations security council passed resolution 338 on 22 october 1973 calling for an immediate ceasefire 36 although agreed upon the ceasefire was immediately broken 37 alexei kosygin the chairman of the ussr council of ministers cancelled an official meeting with danish prime minister anker jørgensen to travel to egypt where he tried to persuade sadat to sign a peace treaty during kosygin s two day long stay it is unknown if he and sadat ever met in person 38 the israeli military then continued their drive to encircle the egyptian army the encirclement was completed on 24 october three days after the ceasefire was broken this development prompted superpower tension but a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on 25 october to end the war at the conclusion of hostilities israeli forces were 40 kilometres 25 mi from damascus and 101 kilometres 63 mi from cairo 39 peace with israel main articles egypt israel peace treaty anwar sadat s visit to jerusalem and infitah external audio national press club luncheon speakers anwar sadat 6 february 1978 national press club speech begins at 7 31 40 president jimmy carter shaking hands with sadat and israeli prime minister menachem begin at the signing of the egyptian israeli peace treaty on the grounds of the white house 1979 the initial egyptian and syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout egypt and the arab world and for many years after sadat was known as the hero of the crossing israel recognized egypt as a formidable foe and egypt s renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the suez canal through the peace process his new peace policy led to the conclusion of two agreements on disengagement of forces with the israeli government the first of these agreements was signed on 18 january 1974 and the second on 4 september 1975 one major aspect of sadat s peace policy was to gain some religious support for his efforts already during his visit to the us in october november 1975 he invited evangelical pastor billy graham for an official visit which was held a few days after sadat s visit 41 in addition to cultivating relations with evangelical christians in the us he also built some cooperation with the vatican on 8 april 1976 he visited the vatican for the first time and got a message of support from pope paul vi regarding achieving peace with israel to include a just solution to the palestinian issue 42 sadat on his part extended to the pope a public invitation to visit cairo 43 sadat also used the media to promote his purposes in an interview he gave to the lebanese magazine al hawadeth in early february 1976 he claimed he had secret commitment from the us government to put pressure on the israeli government for a major withdrawal in sinai and the golan heights 44 this statement caused some concern to the israeli government but secretary of state henry kissinger denied such a promise was ever made 45 law 43 of 1974 or infitah 46 was anwar sadat s policy of opening the door to foreign private investment within egypt 47 in the years after ending the war with israel infitah was accompanied by a break with longtime ally and aid giver the ussr which was replaced by the united states 48 the policy ended the domination of egypt s economy by the public sector and encouraged both domestic and foreign investment in the private sector 49 millions of previously poor egyptians who had joined the middle class under the nasser regime through education and jobs for the government or parastatals were left stuck in an increasingly marginalized stagnant and low paying public sector under infitah 50 in january 1977 a series of bread riots protested sadat s economic liberalization and specifically a government decree lifting price controls on basic necessities like bread the riots lasted for two days and included hundreds of thousands in cairo 120 buses and hundreds of buildings were destroyed in cairo alone 51 the riots ended with the deployment of the army and the re institution of the subsidies price controls 52 53 during this time sadat was also taking a new approach towards improving relations with the west 28 the united states and the soviet union agreed on 1 october 1977 on principles to govern a geneva conference on the middle east 28 syria continued to resist such a conference 28 not wanting either syria or the soviet union to influence the peace process sadat decided to take more progressive stance towards building a comprehensive peace agreement with israel 28 sadat in 1978 the 1977 visit by anwar sadat to jerusalem was the first time an arab leader officially visited israeli controlled territory sadat met with israeli prime minister menachem begin and spoke before the knesset in jerusalem about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the arab israeli conflict which included the full implementation of un resolutions 242 and 338 54 55 56 the peace treaty was finally signed by anwar sadat and israeli prime minister menachem begin in washington d c united states on 26 march 1979 following the camp david accords a series of meetings between egypt and israel facilitated by us president jimmy carter both sadat and begin were awarded the nobel peace prize for creating the treaty in his acceptance speech sadat referred to the long awaited peace desired by both arabs and israelis 57 the main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country by the other the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 arab israeli war and the complete withdrawal by israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the sinai peninsula which israel had captured during the 1967 six day war the agreement also provided for the free passage of israeli ships through the suez canal and recognition of the strait of tiran and the gulf of aqaba as international waterways the agreement notably made egypt the first arab country to officially recognize israel the peace agreement between egypt and israel has remained in effect since the treaty was signed the treaty was extremely unpopular in most of the arab world and the wider muslim world 58 his predecessor nasser had made egypt an icon of arab nationalism an ideology that appeared to be sidelined by an egyptian orientation following the 1973 war see national identity of egyptians the neighboring arab countries believed that in signing the accords sadat had put egypt s interests ahead of arab unity betraying nasser s pan arabism and destroyed the vision of a united arab front for the support of the palestinians against the zionist entity however sadat decided early on that peace was the solution 28 59 sadat s shift towards a strategic relationship with the us was also seen as a betrayal by many arabs in the united states his peace moves gained him popularity among some evangelical circles he was awarded the prince of peace award by pat robertson 60 sadat in 1980 in 1979 the arab league suspended egypt in the wake of the egyptian israel peace agreement and the league moved its headquarters from cairo to tunis arab league member states believed in the elimination of the zionist entity and israel at that time it was not until 1989 that the league re admitted egypt as a member and returned its headquarters to cairo as part of the peace deal israel withdrew from the sinai peninsula in phases completing its withdrawal from the entire territory except the town of taba by 25 april 1982 withdrawal from which did not occur until 1989 28 the improved relations egypt gained with the west through the camp david accords soon gave the country resilient economic growth 28 by 1980 however egypt s strained relations with the arab world would result in a period of rapid inflation 28 relationship with mohammad reza shah pahlavi of iran queen farah diba president anwar sadat and shah mohammad reza pahlavi in tehran in 1975 the relationship between iran and egypt had fallen into open hostility during gamal abdel nasser s presidency following his death in 1970 president sadat turned this around quickly into an open and close friendship 61 in 1971 sadat addressed the iranian parliament in tehran in fluent persian describing the 2 500 year old historic connection between the two lands 61 overnight the egyptian and iranian governments were turned from bitter enemies into fast friends the relationship between cairo and tehran became so friendly that the shah of iran mohammad reza pahlavi called sadat his dear brother 61 after the 1973 war with israel iran assumed a leading role in cleaning up and reactivating the blocked suez canal with heavy investment the country also facilitated the withdrawal of israel from the occupied sinai peninsula by promising to substitute the loss of the oil to the israelis with free iranian oil if they withdrew from the egyptian oil wells in western sinai 61 all these added more to the personal friendship between sadat and the shah of iran the shah s first wife was princess fawzia of egypt she was the eldest daughter of sultan fuad i of egypt and sudan later king fuad i and his second wife nazli sabri 61 after his overthrow the deposed shah spent the last months of his life in exile in egypt when the shah died sadat ordered that he be given a state funeral and be interred at the al rifa i mosque in cairo the resting place of egyptian khedive isma il pasha his mother khushyar hanim and numerous other members of the royal family of egypt and sudan 62 assassination main article assassination of anwar sadat the last months of sadat s presidency were marked by internal uprising 28 sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues believing that the soviet union was recruiting its regional allies in libya and syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power 28 following a failed military coup in june 1981 sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures 28 although sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in egypt 28 it has been said that he was assassinated at the peak of his unpopularity 63 earlier in his presidency islamists had benefited from the rectification revolution and the release from prison of activists jailed under nasser 30 but sadat s sinai treaty with israel enraged islamists particularly the radical egyptian islamic jihad according to interviews and information gathered by journalist lawrence wright the group was recruiting military officers and accumulating weapons waiting for the right moment to launch a complete overthrow of the existing order in egypt chief strategist of el jihad was abbud al zumar a colonel in the military intelligence whose plan was to kill the main leaders of the country capture the headquarters of the army and state security the telephone exchange building and of course the radio and television building where news of the islamic revolution would then be broadcast unleashing he expected a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country 64 in february 1981 egyptian authorities were alerted to el jihad s plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information in september sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1 500 people including many jihad members but also the coptic pope and other coptic clergy intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes 65 all non government press was banned as well 66 the roundup missed a jihad cell in the military led by lieutenant khalid al islambuli who would succeed in assassinating anwar sadat that october 67 the assassination plot ...