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ple had been killed and over a million had been displaced 151 21st century in the 21st century armenia continued to face many hardships the 2018 armenian revolution was a series of anti government protests in armenia from april to may 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the armenian parliament nikol pashinyan head of the civil contract party protests and marches took place initially in response to serzh sargsyan s third consecutive term as president of armenia and later against the republican party controlled government in general pashinyan declared the movement which led to sargsyan s resignation a velvet revolution 152 in march 2018 the armenian parliament elected armen sarkissian as the new president of armenia the controversial constitutional reform to reduce presidential power was implemented while the authority of the prime minister was strengthened 153 in may 2018 parliament elected opposition leader nikol pashinyan as the new prime minister his predecessor serzh sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following widespread anti government demonstrations 154 on 27 september 2020 a full scale war erupted due to the unresolved nagorno karabakh conflict 155 both the armed forces of armenia and azerbaijan reported military and civilian casualties 156 the nagorno karabakh ceasefire agreement to end the six week war between armenia and azerbaijan was seen by many as armenia s defeat and capitulation 157 the year long march of dignity protests forced early elections on 20 june 2021 pashinyan s civil contract party won an early parliamentary election acting prime minister nikol pashinyan was officially appointed to the post of prime minister by armenia s president armen sarkissian 158 in january 2022 armenian president armen sarkissian resigned from office stating that the constitution no longer gives the president sufficient powers or influence 159 on 3 march 2022 vahagn khachaturyan was elected as the fifth president of armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote 160 the next month yet more protests broke out 161 2023 azerbaijani offensive in nagorno karabakh main article 2023 azerbaijani offensive in nagorno karabakh see also flight of nagorno karabakh armenians between 19 and 20 september 2023 azerbaijan launched a large scale military offensive against the self declared breakaway state of artsakh a move seen by the european parliament as a violation of the 2020 ceasefire agreement 162 163 the offensive took place in the disputed region of nagorno karabakh which is internationally recognized as part of azerbaijan but populated by armenians 164 165 the attacks occurred in the midst of an escalating crisis caused by azerbaijan blockading artsakh which resulted in significant scarcities of essential supplies such as food medicine and other goods in the affected region 166 one day after the offensive started on 20 september a ceasefire agreement was reached at the mediation of the russian peacekeeping command in nagorno karabakh 167 azerbaijan held a meeting with representatives of the nagorno karabakh armenians on 21 september in yevlakh to be followed by another meeting in october 168 169 ceasefire violations by azerbaijan were nonetheless reported by both artsakhi residents and officials 170 171 human rights organisations and experts in genocide prevention issued multiple alerts stating that the region s armenian population was at risk or actively being subjected to ethnic cleansing and genocide luis moreno ocampo a former prosecutor of the international criminal court warned that another armenian genocide could take place and attributed the inaction of the international community to encouraging azerbaijan that it would face no serious consequences 172 on 8 august 2025 armenian prime minister nikol pashinyan and azerbaijani president ilham aliyev signed a joint declaration at the white house 173 committing to a peace deal facilitated by the trump administration that would end nearly four decades of conflict between the two countries 174 geography main article geography of armenia satellite image of the territory of armenia 2003 armenia is a landlocked country in the geopolitical transcaucasus south caucasus region that is located in the southern caucasus mountains and their lowlands between the black sea and caspian sea and northeast of the armenian highlands armenia is widely accepted as part of west asia geographically although other definitions place it either fully in europe or across europe and asia 10 175 located on the armenian highlands it is bordered by turkey to the west georgia to the north the lachin corridor which is a part of lachin district that is under the control of a russian peacekeeping force and azerbaijan proper to the east and iran and azerbaijan s exclave of nakhchivan to the south 11 armenia lies between latitudes 38 and 42 n and meridians 43 and 47 e it contains two terrestrial ecoregions caucasus mixed forests and eastern anatolian montane steppe 176 topography armenia s mountainous and volcanic topography armenia has a territorial area of 29 743 square kilometres 11 484 sq mi the terrain is mostly mountainous with fast flowing rivers and few forests the land rises to 4 090 metres 13 419 feet above sea level at mount aragats and no point is below 390 metres 1 280 ft above sea level 177 average elevation of the country area is tenth highest in the world and it has 85 9 mountain area more than switzerland or nepal 178 mount ararat which was historically part of armenia is the highest mountain in the region at 5 137 meters 16 854 feet now located in turkey but clearly visible from armenia it is regarded by the armenians as a symbol of their land because of this the mountain is present on the armenian national emblem today 179 180 181 climate main article climate of armenia köppen geiger climate classification map for armenia 182 the climate in armenia is markedly highland continental summers are hot dry and sunny lasting from june to mid september the temperature fluctuates between 22 and 36 c 72 and 97 f however the low humidity level mitigates the effect of high temperatures evening breezes blowing down the mountains provide a welcome refreshing and cooling effect springs are short while autumns are long autumns are known for their vibrant and colourful foliage winters are quite cold with plenty of snow with temperatures ranging between 10 and 5 c 14 and 23 f winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of tsaghkadzor located thirty minutes outside yerevan lake sevan nestled up in the armenian highlands is the second largest lake in the world relative to its altitude at 1 900 metres 6 234 ft above sea level environment carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons per capita in armenia azerbaijan georgia russia germany italy usa in 2000 2012 world bank data armenia ranked 63rd out of 180 countries on environmental performance index epi in 2018 its rank on subindex environmental health which is weighted at 40 in epi is 109 while armenia s rank on subindex of ecosystem vitality weighted at 60 in epi is 27th best in the world 183 this suggests that main environmental issues in armenia are with population health while environment vitality is of lesser concern out of sub subindices contributing to environmental health subindex ranking on air quality to which population is exposed is particularly unsatisfying in armenia forest cover is around 12 of the total land area equivalent to 328 470 hectares ha of forest in 2020 down from 334 730 hectares ha in 1990 in 2020 naturally regenerating forest covered 310 000 hectares ha and planted forest covered 18 470 hectares ha of the naturally regenerating forest 5 was reported to be primary forest consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity and around 0 of the forest area was found within protected areas for the year 2015 100 of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership 184 185 waste management in armenia is underdeveloped as no waste sorting or recycling takes place at armenia s 60 landfills a waste processing plant is scheduled for construction near hrazdan city which will allow for closure of 10 waste dumps 186 despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in armenia especially hydroelectric and wind power and calls from eu officials to shut down the nuclear power plant at metsamor 187 the armenian government is exploring the possibilities of installing new small modular nuclear reactors in 2018 existing nuclear plant is scheduled for modernisation to enhance its safety and increase power production by about 10 188 189 government and politics main articles government of armenia and politics of armenia vahagn khachaturyan president nikol pashinyan prime minister the national assembly in yerevan armenia is a representative parliamentary democratic republic the armenian constitution adhered to the model of a semi presidential republic until april 2018 according to the current constitution of armenia the president is the head of state holding largely representational functions while the prime minister is the head of government and exercises executive power since 1995 legislative power is vested in the azgayin zhoghov or national assembly which is a unicameral parliament consisting of 105 members 190 since its first report in 2006 until its most recent in 2019 the fragile states index has consistently ranked armenia better than all its neighboring countries with one exception in 2011 191 armenia has universal suffrage from the age of 18 192 193 administrative divisions main article administrative divisions of armenia shirak lori tavush aragatsotn armavir yerevan ararat kotayk gegharkunik vayots dzor syunik geghard monastery kotayk province armenia is divided into ten provinces marzer singular marz with the city kaghak of yerevan երևան having special administrative status as the country s capital the chief executive in each of the ten provinces is the marzpet marz governor appointed by the government of armenia in yerevan the chief executive is the mayor elected since 2009 within each province there are communities hamaynkner singular hamaynk each community is self governing and consists of one or more settlements bnakavayrer singular bnakavayr settlements are classified as either towns kaghakner singular kaghak or villages gyugher singular gyugh as of 2007 update armenia includes 915 communities of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural the capital yerevan also has the status of a community 194 additionally yerevan is divided into twelve semi autonomous districts province capital area km 2 population 2011 census 195 population 2022 census 196 aragatsotn արագածոտն ashtarak աշտարակ 2 756 132 925 128 941 ararat արարատ artashat արտաշատ 2 090 260 367 248 982 armavir արմավիր armavir արմավիր 1 242 265 770 253 493 gegharkunik գեղարքունիք gavar գավառ 5 349 235 075 209 669 kotayk կոտայք hrazdan հրազդան 2 086 254 397 269 883 lori լոռի vanadzor վանաձոր 3 799 235 537 222 805 shirak շիրակ gyumri գյումրի 2 680 251 941 235 484 syunik սյունիք kapan կապան 4 506 141 771 114 488 tavush տավուշ ijevan իջևան 2 704 128 609 114 940 vayots dzor վայոց ձոր yeghegnadzor եղեգնաձոր 2 308 52 324 47 369 yerevan երևան 223 1 060 138 1 086 677 foreign relations main article foreign relations of armenia see also armenia european union relations armenia in the council of europe armenia bsec relations armenia csto relations armenia nato relations armenia osce relations armenia and the united nations armenia russia relations armenia turkey relations and armenia united states relations joint declaration signed on meeting between armenian prime minister nikol pashinyan and azerbaijani president ilham aliyev held in washington d c 8 august 2025 armenia became a member of the united nations on 2 march 1992 and is a signatory to a number of its organisations and other international agreements armenia is also a member of international organisations such as the council of europe the asian development bank the european bank for reconstruction and development the european political community the commonwealth of independent states the organization for security and cooperation in europe the international monetary fund the world trade organization the world customs organization the organization of the black sea economic cooperation and la francophonie it is a member of the csto military alliance and also participates in nato s partnership for peace programme and the euro atlantic partnership council in 2004 its forces joined kfor a nato led international force in kosovo armenia is also an observer member of the arab league 197 the organization of american states the pacific alliance the non aligned movement and a dialogue partner in the shanghai cooperation organisation as a result of its historical ties to france armenia was selected to host the biennial francophonie summit in 2018 198 armenia has a difficult relation with neighbouring countries azerbaijan and turkey tensions were running high between armenians and azerbaijanis during the final years of the soviet union the nagorno karabakh conflict dominated the region s politics throughout the 1990s 199 to this day armenia s borders with turkey and azerbaijan are under a severe blockade in addition a permanent solution for the nagorno karabakh conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organisations such as the osce turkey also has a long history of poor relations with armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the armenian genocide even though it was one of the first countries to recognize the republic of armenia the third republic after its independence from the ussr in 1991 despite this for most of the 20th century and early 21st century relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to turkey s refusal to establish them for numerous reasons during the first nagorno karabakh war and citing it as the reason turkey closed its border with armenia in 1993 it has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful turkish business lobby interested in armenian markets 199 russian president vladimir putin shakes hands with armenian prime minister nikol pashinyan 2018 on 10 october 2009 armenia and turkey signed protocols on the normalisation of relations which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border 200 the ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments in armenia before sending the protocols to the parliament it was sent to the constitutional court to have their constitutionality to be approved the constitutional court made references to the preamble of the protocols underlying three main issues 201 one of them stated that the implementation of the protocols did not imply armenia s official recognition of the existing turkish armenian border established by the treaty of kars by doing so the ...