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battle of gainsborough wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 prelude 2 battle 3 aftermath 4 citations 5 references 6 further reading 7 external links toggle the table of contents battle of gainsborough 3 languages polski русский ไทย edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 53 22 44 n 0 45 11 w 53 379 n 0 753 w 53 379 0 753 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia 1643 battle of the first english civil war 53 22 44 n 0 45 11 w 53 379 n 0 753 w 53 379 0 753 battle of gainsborough part of the first english civil war date 28 july 1643 location gainsborough lincolnshire result parliamentarian victory belligerents royalists parliamentarians commanders and leaders charles cavendish sir john meldrum colonel oliver cromwell strength unknown 1 200 1 gainsborough newark nottingham hull lincoln lincolnshire county v t e first english civil war 1642 1st hull marshall s elm portsmouth plymouth babylon hill powick bridge manchester kings norton edgehill aylesbury brentford turnham green farnham castle piercebridge tadcaster 1st exeter muster green 1st bradford chichester 1643 braddock down leeds 1st middlewich hopton heath seacroft moor camp hill lichfield ripple field reading sourton down 1st wardour castle stratton wakefield 1st worcester chalgrove field adwalton moor 2nd bradford burton bridge lansdowne roundway down 1st bristol gainsborough gloucester 2nd hull aldbourne chase 1st newbury winceby olney bridge 1st basing house heptonstall 2nd wardour castle south harting alton bramber bridge arundel 2nd middlewich 1644 nantwich newcastle 1st lathom house newark boldon hill stourbridge heath cheriton selby lyme regis york lincoln 1st oxford bolton 2nd basing house tipton green oswestry cropredy bridge marston moor gunnislake new bridge ormskirk lostwithiel tippermuir 1st aberdeen montgomery castle 1st chester 1st taunton carlisle 2nd newbury 1645 inverlochy high ercall hall weymouth scarborough castle 2nd taunton auldearn 3rd taunton 2nd oxford leicester naseby alford 2nd lathom house langport hereford kilsyth 2nd bristol philiphaugh 2nd chester rowton heath sherburn in elmet 3rd basing house annan moor denbigh green shelford house newark tiverton 1646 bovey heath torrington stow on the wold 3rd oxford 2nd aberdeen lagganmore 2nd worcester the battle of gainsborough took place during the first english civil war on 28 july 1643 the strategically important town of gainsborough lincolnshire was a royalist base used for harassing the parliamentarians who were generally dominant in lincolnshire but it was taken by parliamentarians in july 1643 an attempt to recapture gainsborough by charles cavendish and the royalists was foiled in a battle in which colonel oliver cromwell distinguished himself as a cavalry leader 2 prelude edit when the english civil war was declared gainsborough in lincolnshire lay in an area which supported parliament but the town itself had royalist sympathies the town was of strategic importance to both sides sited as it was on a crossing of the river trent and lying on important roads leading north and south in march 1643 sir john henderson sent a raiding party from the royalist base at newark to capture gainsborough for king charles the town was surrounded and quickly surrendered without any resistance 2 the town was put into the charge of the earl of kingston and was used as a base to harass the parliamentarians in lincolnshire royalist attacks at louth and market rasen together with the capture of gunpowder intended for rotherham provoked parliament into action lord willoughby of parham launched a surprise night attack on gainsborough on 16 july 1643 and captured the town the earl of kingston was later killed by a round shot from his own men as he was being taken as a prisoner down the river to hull 3 it seemed however that willoughby s triumph might be short lived the royalists immediately sent charles cavendish with a force to siege and retake gainsborough the parliamentarians responded by sending relieving forces to gainsborough from nottingham under sir john meldrum and from cambridgeshire under colonel oliver cromwell the two forces met on 27 july at north scarle ten miles south of gainsborough and were joined by a detachment from lincoln 1 4 battle edit the next day 28 july 1643 the 1 200 strong parliamentarian force marched north at the village of lea just south of gainsborough the parliamentarians met a royalist advanced guard of 100 horse part of cavendish s army after a short skirmish the royalists were driven back to cavendish s main body of horse which was drawn up on top of foxby hill to the east of gainsborough the parliamentarian troops pressed on advanced up foxby hill and came face to face with cavendish s main force after a period of fierce fighting the royalists began to fall back eventually fleeing from the battlefield pursued by the parliamentary cavalry 4 5 cromwell then noticed that cavendish had held a regiment of horse in reserve and was now moving to counter attack those parliamentarians that had remained on the field seeing this cromwell major whalley and three troops of parliamentarian horse attacked cavendish and his reserve from the rear cromwell and his troopers forced cavendish s horse down the hill into the flat marshy land of the trent where 300 royalists were slaughtered cavendish was knocked off his horse and killed by a sword thrust in the chest the place where he was killed was later known as candish bog 4 6 aftermath edit with the battle over cromwell rode into gainsborough with supplies for willoughby s garrison while this was being done news arrived that a small royalist force was marching on gainsborough from the north cromwell and meldrum thinking this was a remnant of cavendish s force not yet engaged rode out to meet them with 600 of willoughby s foot soldiers 4 6 at morton they drove off two troops of royalist horse then climbing a hill they were shocked to discover the army of lord newcastle consisting of about 30 regiments of foot and a great body of horse who were marching on gainsborough to retake it for the king willoughby s foot soldiers fell back in disorder with his own men and horses exhausted by the recent battle cromwell ordered a withdrawal in a disciplined manoeuvre two rearguard parties of horse one from cromwell s regiment and another from lincoln stood firm and retired alternately in order to cover the main force with the loss of only two men they held back the royalists until reaching the safety of lincoln 4 7 meanwhile newcastle besieged gainsborough firing on the town with his cannons after a three day siege willoughby surrendered on 31 july newcastle then turned his forces around and headed north to besiege hull leaving a royalist garrison at gainsborough with the town back in royalist hands raiding parties once more started to harass parliamentary held areas 8 charles cavendish royalist commander at the battle of gainsborough oliver cromwell parliamentarian commander at the battle of gainsborough battlefield monument at the bottom of foxby hill gainsborough view west from the summit of foxby hill towards the river trent where the battle s climax took place citations edit 1 2 west 1993 p 10 1 2 west 1993 p 9 west 1993 pp 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 plant civil war in lincolnshire 1643 west 1993 pp 10 11 1 2 west 1993 p 11 west 1993 p 12 west 1993 pp 12 13 references edit plant david 2006 civil war in lincolnshire 1643 bcw project david plant retrieved 29 april 2020 west john 1993 gaunt peter ed oliver cromwell and the battle of gainsborough july 1643 pdf cromwelliana 1993 the cromwell association isbn 0 905729 04 8 retrieved 29 april 2020 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link further reading edit west john 1992 oliver cromwell and the battle of gainsborough richard kay publications isbn 978 0902662438 west john 2021 the battle of gainsborough 1643 jmd media isbn 9781780916187 external links edit timeline 1643 archived 30 september 2007 at the wayback machine british civil wars retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title battle_of_gainsborough oldid 1370441202 categories battles of the english civil wars military history of lincolnshire 1643 in england 1643 conflicts 17th century in lincolnshire gainsborough lincolnshire hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata use dmy dates from june 2017 pages using gadget wikiminiatlas coordinates on wikidata cs1 maint periodical has isbn webarchive template wayback links this page was last edited on 21 august 2026 at 03 38 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents battle of gainsborough 3 languages add topic