Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

archaeology, era, berenice, troglodytica, contents, etymology, history, recent, see, also, footnotes, references, external, links, ptolemaic, imperial, roman, 19th, century,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (187), and (78), from (35), berenice (30), berenike (26), was (22), roman (22), egypt (21), sea (21), #century (17), ancient (16), red (16), archaeology (16), with (14), ptolemaic (14), island (14), edit (14), polish (13), temple (12), troglodytica (11), citation (11), bay (11), that (11), history (10), full (10), needed (10), for (10), south (10), were (10), made (10), greek (9), alexandria (9), mediterranean (9), egyptian (9), indian (9), wikipedia (8), this (8), retrieved (8), other (8), port (8), periplus (8), early (8), its (8), 2019 (8), india (8), location (7), excavations (7), vol (7), evidence (7), trade (7), main (7), about (6), archaeological (6), nile (6), war (6), university (6), harbor (6), 1st (6), city (6), have (6), see (6), also (6), called (6), one (6), era (6), page (5), articles (5), 2021 (5), battle (5), ras (5), sidebotham (5), erythraean (5), 2015 (5), 2017 (5), pet (5), between (5), found (5), year (5), cemetery (5), discovered (5), been (5), belzoni (5), article (5), built (5), road (5), coast (5), contents (4), search (4), abu (4), 2020 (4), project (4), links (4), ethnology (4), london (4), zych (4), 2nd (4), then (4), two (4), magazine (4), buddha (4), 000 (4), old (4), science (4), had (4), academy (4), sciences (4), walls (4), first (4), pliny (4), west (4), which (4), has (4), tamil (4), north (4), several (4), are (4), feet (4), name (4), after (4), bce (4), upper (4), 90861 (4), 47250 (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), toggle (3), view (3), under (3), cs1 (3), maint (3), missing (3), publisher (3), wikidata (3), 3rd (3), sites (3), buildings (3), syria (3), decree (3), islands (3), western (3), shore (3), steven (3), warsaw (3), link (3), cite (3), 1980 (3), area (3), huntingford (3), hellenistic (3), osypiński (3), new (3), imperial (3), 2009 (3), references (3), smithsonian (3), archaeologists (3), statue (3), 300 (3), 2011 (3), goods (3), world (3), giovanni (3), battista (3), gemstones (3), ophiodes (3), 770 (3), elder (3), strabo (3), list (3), pdf (3), period (3), uncovered (3), remains (3), southern (3), since (3), small (3), precious (3), asia (3), including (3), large (3), most (3), map (3), recent (3), 19th (3), along (3), stations (3), read (3), tools (3), languages (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), text (2), terms (2), may (2), using (2), site (2), non (2), wikimedia (2), use (2), commons (2), last (2), categories (2), 1911 (2), britannica (2), incomplete (2), citations (2), march (2), coordinates (2), pages (2), short (2), description (2), governorate (2), places (2), structures (2), index (2), national (2), related (2), complex (2), papyri (2), stone (2), raphia (2), dynasty (2), siege (2), syrian (2), wars (2), actium (2), kingdom (2), john (2), wadi (2), marsa (2), alam (2), soma (2), tiran (2), sinai (2), peninsula (2), riviera (2), 1994 (2), schoff (2), edu (2), external (2), centre (2), 2001 (2), und (2), book (2), covered (2), david (2), rądkowska (2), woźniak (2), late (2), osypińska (2), 167 (2), 192 (2), emergence (2), human (2), relation (2), 2018 (2), beads (2), byzantine (2), season (2), harbour (2), temenos (2), discoveries (2), led (2), august (2), monkeys (2), fortress (2), elephants (2), animals (2), marta (2), just (2), trash (2), used (2), centuries (2), luxury (2), arabia (2), doi (2), american (2), nearly (2), 600 (2), cats (2), dogs (2), oldest (2), indians (2), press (2), archived (2), june (2), original (2), merchant (2), dictionary (2), geography (2), route (2), stephanus (2), byzantium (2), xvi (2), english (2), hieroglyphic (2), etc (2), boats (2), report (2), kerala (2), research (2), footnotes (2), 2022 (2), isis (2), team (2), same (2), excavated (2), there (2), institute (2), well (2), town (2), desert (2), time (2), resin (2), recovered (2), produced (2), range (2), black (2), classical (2), ware (2), style (2), mentioning (2), population (2), presence (2), ships (2), teak (2), wood (2), being (2), empire (2), people (2), until (2), delaware (2), magnetic (2), long (2), inscriptions (2), head (2), some (2), ruins (2), wellsted (2), 1838 (2), east (2), 6th (2), abandoned (2), zabargad (2), who (2), berenicidis (2), hand (2), mountains (2), now (2), mouth (2), sources (2), watering (2), terminus (2), across (2), coptos (2), region (2), more (2), troglodytai (2), etymology (2), high (2), seaport (2), ptolemy (2), baranis (2), βερενίκη (2), show (2), central (2), within (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, apply, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, july, 2026, utc, hidden, incorporating, encyclopaedia, wikisource, reference, all, containing, 1453, language, gadget, wikiminiatlas, different, establishments, former, populated, completed, colonies, https, org, php, title, berenice_troglodytica, oldid, 1364710926, kulturenvanteri, monument, pleiades, geographic, czech, republic, authority, control, databases, ankhwennefer, horwennefer, triakontaschoinos, heracleion, ptolemais, hermiou, naucratis, coele, cities, settlements, serapeum, philae, edfu, dendera, magical, serapis, religion, gabiniani, phylakitai, machimoi, navy, army, military, septuagint, aegyptiaca, manetho, theocritus, posidippus, euclid, eratosthenes, callimachus, aristarchus, samos, apollonius, rhodes, mouseion, library, lighthouse, culture, rosetta, canopus, synodal, decrees, coinage, government, alexandrian, panium, chremonidean, carian, conflicts, donations, gaza, 332, minqar, green, rocky, mukawwa, shadwan, tarabin, gubal, strait, gimal, gabal, elba, tig, shar, foul, banas, alshalateen, hala, hamata, ghalib, coraya, quseir, safaga, shoni, makadi, serrenia, sahl, hasheesh, hurghada, gharib, gouna, gamsha, ain, sokhna, pharaoh, sanafir, nearby, straits, muhammad, park, sid, sedr, nabq, sharm, sheikh, dahab, nuweiba, taba, resorts, youtube, lecture, professor, translation, fordham, run, wendrich, roms, tor, roten, meer, nach, arabien, indien, 251, 263, meredith, dec, 1957, journal, 297, 322, fort, fieldwork, studies, 2012, 2013, seasons, 132, overview, shaping, defenses, fortifications, trogodytika, obłuska, 203, 234, pendants, 2014, manzo, zazzaro, joyce, falco, eds, selected, papers, vii, brill, leiden, 225, 245, stories, globalisation, persian, gulf, prehistory, modernity, exotic, cults, investigation, into, temples, parker, christopher, unearth, april, 2023, york, review, garum, masala, dramatic, scholars, radically, reassess, size, importance, rome, buried, geisburch, jan, autumn, digging, diary, jarus, owen, january, live, unusual, task, guarding, sent, grimm, plants, archaeozoologist, osypinska, her, colleagues, graveyard, outside, beneath, dump, appears, second, when, bustling, traded, ivory, fabrics, europe, 1126, abh2835, association, advancement, graves, 189400184, s2cid, 5604, 3001, 0012, 1825, krishnakumar, 2010, www, frontline, researches, luminous, 11th, cambridge, 769, encyclopædia, chisholm, hugh, orelli, 3880, inscr, lat, wilfred, harvey, 1912, bombay, calcutta, february, 2016, travel, ocean, smith, william, 1854, walton, maberly, 392, 391, abacaenum, hytanis, travels, 172, antonine, itinerary, univ, california, 238, 9780520303386, isbn, 237, maritime, spice, 168, 103, natural, xvii, 815, wallis, budge, 1920, words, king, geological, indexes, characters, coptic, semitic, alphabets, 1038, murray, gauthier, henri, 1928, 107, dictionnaire, des, noms, géographiques, contenus, dans, les, textes, hiéroglyphiques, iii, diod, michael, peppard, letter, concerning, 171, 196, zeitschrift, für, papyrologie, epigraphik, pcma, tiruvananthapuram, council, historical, september, final, 5th, pattanam, excavation, epideires, mission, excavating, dedicated, goddess, forecourt, marble, considered, structure, near, frontier, thicker, served, hub, transport, eritrea, fragments, god, sebiumeker, meroitic, expedition, dated, piotr, extensive, intensive, initiated, iwona, workshop, ship, boards, ropes, mooring, lines, probably, sacral, character, lotus, square, feature, vibrant, where, greatest, fortunes, glass, bronze, figurines, ostraca, find, reported, blocks, fir, tree, weighting, 190, 339, contexts, trenches, areas, greater, minor, oil, derivative, mummification, antiseptic, diuretic, treat, wrinkles, extract, worms, promote, hair, growth, abies, cilicica, frankincense, among, unexpected, largest, single, concentration, peppercorns, ever, imported, inside, vessel, silt, courtyard, substantial, quantities, fine, kitchen, cooking, pottery, sail, cloth, basketry, matting, dumps, quantity, pepper, coconuts, semi, stones, cameo, blanks, graffito, korra, chieftain, inhabitants, included, living, least, implied, probable, buddhist, worshippers, another, ceramics, rock, inscription, passing, through, abundant, rigged, proof, endemic, clearly, reused, dismantled, brahmi, number, significant, finds, providing, cargo, outpost, indo, relations, malabar, launched, prof, partners, institutions, continued, work, resumed, teams, poland, winter, 2007, 2008, still, continuing, apart, invasive, prospecting, carried, out, tomasz, herbich, archeology, part, sandstone, soft, calcareous, wide, portion, sculptured, executed, basso, relieves, workmanship, occasionally, decorated, hieroglyphics, 102, important, ruin, remnants, sculptures, preserve, magistrate, jews, figures, many, deities, obscure, arabarch, alabarch, rule, tiberius, 1818, identified, confirming, earlier, opinion, wrote, measured, estimated, undertaken, 610, 490, anville, despite, favorable, filled, sediment, sand, bar, entrance, can, only, crossed, shallow, draft, gemsites, flooded, 4th, again, become, active, itself, formed, entire, district, own, prefect, montis, praefectus, administration, described, travelogue, written, based, states, right, next, below, country, berbers, thereby, placing, barbara, critical, way, connected, lower, 137, via, hadriana, river, antinoöpolis, subcontinent, able, generate, commerce, locally, mines, adjacent, topaz, emerald, peridot, rich, sikait, mons, smaragdus, gebel, zabara, mining, industry, traces, visit, james, raymond, shipping, centers, 258, days, journey, wells, resting, listed, itineraries, caravans, hadhramaut, hydreumata, miles, sri, lanka, tamraparni, tamilakkam, aethiopia, myos, hormos, qift, eastern, safe, anchorage, patronage, kings, prosperous, quite, famous, antiquity, noted, geographers, prosperity, third, mostly, due, three, reasons, 305, šꜣs, ḥrt, hieroglyphs, refers, native, cave, dwellers, although, attested, writers, speculated, could, derived, root, possible, later, copyists, confused, common, term, tuareg, trogodytai, mountain, runs, african, separates, sited, upon, narrow, rim, facing, sheltered, chain, scattered, them, few, local, marginal, but, improved, engineering, ὀφιώδης, νήσος, lepte, extrema, sinus, immundus, valley, situated, 825, 260, 140, founded, 275, 285, 246, named, his, mother, philadelphus, aswan, suez, half, periods, settlement, type, satellite, image, uses, disambiguation, southeast, known, free, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, information, permanent, what, here, general, actions, talk, українська, தமிழ், kiswahili, svenska, slovenščina, srpskohrvatski, српскохрватски, русский, português, polski, nederlands, lietuvių, italiano, íslenska, bahasa, indonesia, עברית, français, suomi, فارسی, español, ελληνικά, deutsch, català, asturianu, مصرى, العربية, subsection, top, personal, special, community, portal, learn, help, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
ce berenice troglodytica also called berenike greek βερενίκη or baranis is an ancient seaport of egypt on the western shore of the red sea it is situated about 825 km south of suez 260 km east of aswan in upper egypt and 140 km south of marsa alam 2 it was founded in 275 bce by ptolemy ii philadelphus 285 246 bce who named it after his mother berenice i of egypt 3 a high mountain range runs along the african coast and separates the nile valley from the red sea berenice was sited upon a narrow rim of shore between the mountains and the red sea at the head of the sinus immundus 4 a south facing bay sheltered on the north by a high peninsula then called lepte extrema and to the south by a chain of small islands scattered across the mouth of the bay one of them was called the island of ophiodes ὀφιώδης νήσος 4 5 and was one of a few sources of gemstones local to berenice the harbour is marginal but was improved by engineering etymology edit the name troglodytica refers to the native people of the region the troglodytai or cave dwellers although the name is attested by several ancient writers the more ancient ptolemaic inscriptions read trogodytai which huntingford 1980 6 speculated could be derived from the same root as tuareg it is possible that later copyists confused this name with the more common term troglodytai 6 history edit ptolemaic era edit šꜣs ḥrt 7 8 in hieroglyphs era ptolemaic dynasty 305 30 bc berenice was prosperous and quite famous in antiquity the city is noted by most ancient geographers including strabo 9 pliny the elder 10 and stephanus of byzantium 11 its prosperity after the third century was mostly due to three reasons patronage by the ptolemaic kings safe anchorage being at the eastern terminus of the main road from upper egypt the other terminus of that road is coptos now qift an egyptian city on the nile which made berenice and myos hormos the two main shipping centers for trade between aethiopia and egypt on the one hand and syria tamilakkam and tamraparni ancient sri lanka on the other 12 the road across the desert from coptos was 258 roman miles long or 11 days journey watering stations greek hydreumata see hadhramaut were built along the road the wells and resting places for caravans are listed by pliny 13 and in the itineraries 14 a visit to berenice james raymond wellsted 1838 in the 19th century belzoni 15 found traces of several of the watering stations main article mining industry of egypt berenice was able to generate some commerce locally the mines of gebel zabara and mons smaragdus at wadi sikait in the adjacent mountains and the island of ophiodes now zabargad island in the mouth of berenice s harbor were rich sources of gemstones peridot at that time called topaz and emerald 16 imperial roman era edit from the 1st century bce until the 2nd century ce berenice was one of the critical way stations for trade between the indian subcontinent arabia and upper egypt it was connected to antinoöpolis on the river nile in lower egypt by the via hadriana in 137 ce the trade from berenice along the red sea coast is described in the 1st century ce travelogue periplus of the erythraean sea written by a greek merchant based in alexandria the periplus states that on the right hand coast next below berenice is the country of the berbers thereby placing berenice troglodytica just north of ancient barbara 17 in the 4th century berenice had again become an active port under the roman administration berenice itself formed an entire district with its own prefect who was called praefectus berenicidis or p montis berenicidis 18 despite its favorable location after the 6th century the port was abandoned and the bay has since nearly filled with sediment it has a sand bar at its entrance that can only be crossed by shallow draft boats 19 the gemsites on zabargad island are flooded 20 19th century archaeology edit in 1818 the ruins of berenice were identified by giovanni battista belzoni confirming an earlier opinion of d anville belzoni wrote that the city measured 1 600 feet 490 m from north to south and 2 000 feet 610 m from east to west he estimated the ancient population at 10 000 21 since then several excavations have been undertaken 19 ruins of a temple wellsted 1838 the most important ruin is a temple the remnants of its sculptures and inscriptions preserve the name of tiberius and the head magistrate of the jews in alexandria under ptolemaic and roman rule excavations have also produced small figures of many deities some obscure including references to alabarch or arabarch the temple is egyptian style made of sandstone and a soft calcareous stone it is 102 feet 31 m long and 43 feet 13 m wide a portion of its walls are sculptured with well executed basso relieves of greek workmanship occasionally the walls are decorated with hieroglyphics recent archaeology edit excavations were launched at berenike in 1994 by a team of archaeologists from the university of delaware led by prof steven e sidebotham with partners from several other institutions and continued until 2001 work was resumed by teams from the university of delaware and the polish centre of mediterranean archaeology university of warsaw poland in the winter of 2007 2008 and is still continuing apart from the excavations non invasive magnetic prospecting was carried out tomasz herbich from the institute of archeology and ethnology of the polish academy of sciences made a magnetic map of the western part of the site 2 a large number of significant finds have been made providing evidence of the cargo from the malabar coast and the presence of tamil people from south india being at this last outpost of the roman empire see ancient indo roman trade relations among the unexpected discoveries at berenike were a range of ancient indian goods including the largest single concentration 7 55 kg of black peppercorns ever recovered in the classical mediterranean world imported from southern india and found inside a large vessel made of nile silt in a temple courtyard substantial quantities of indian made fine ware and kitchen cooking ware and indian style pottery indian made sail cloth basketry matting etc from trash dumps a large quantity of teak wood black pepper coconuts beads made of precious and semi precious stones cameo blanks a tamil brahmi graffito mentioning korra a south indian chieftain evidence that inhabitants from tamil south india which then included most of kerala were living in berenike at least in the early roman period evidence that the tamil population implied the probable presence of buddhist worshippers evidence of indians at another roman port 300 km north of berenike indian made ceramics on the nile road a rock inscription mentioning an indian passing through en route abundant evidence for the use of ships built and rigged in india and proof that teak wood endemic to south india found in buildings in berenike had clearly been reused from dismantled ships 22 the berenike buddha discovered in berenice troglodytica in 2022 in 2009 the first find of frankincense was reported and two blocks of resin from the syrian fir tree abies cilicica one weighting about 190 g and the other about 339 g recovered from 1st century ce contexts in one of the harbor trenches produced in areas of greater syria and asia minor this resin and its oil derivative were used in mummification as an antiseptic a diuretic to treat wrinkles extract worms and promote hair growth 2 extensive and intensive research initiated by iwona zych in the area of the southern harbor bay has uncovered workshop buildings remains of ship boards ropes mooring lines as well as a so called harbor temenos with two structures probably of sacral character the lotus temple and the square feature berenike in the early roman period was a vibrant town in the desert where the greatest fortunes of the time were made the archaeological excavations have uncovered remains of luxury goods precious glass bronze figurines ostraca papyri 2 the expedition also discovered a cemetery of small animals dated c 1st 2nd century ce which has been excavated by marta and piotr osypiński from the institute of archaeology and ethnology of the polish academy of sciences since 2011 23 24 in 2019 a 2 300 year old fortress was discovered by a team of archaeologists from the university of warsaw and the polish academy of sciences the structure built near the southern frontier had thicker walls to the west and served as a hub to transport war elephants from eritrea 25 in the same year was excavated an isis temple and there there were found fragments of a statue of the meroitic god sebiumeker 26 in 2020 2021 2 000 year old remains of monkeys cats and dogs were discovered at berenike to be considered the oldest pet cemetery in the world 27 24 in berenike in march 2022 an american polish archaeological mission excavating the main early roman period temple dedicated to the goddess isis uncovered in the forecourt of the temple a marble statue of a buddha the berenike buddha 28 29 see also edit red sea riviera berenice epideires footnotes edit final report for 5th season pattanam excavation pdf report tiruvananthapuram india kerala council for historical research 2011 archived from the original pdf on 7 august 2015 retrieved 13 september 2015 1 2 3 4 berenike pcma uw edu pl 2019 04 17 retrieved 2020 05 27 michael peppard 2009 a letter concerning boats in berenike and trade on the red sea zeitschrift für papyrologie und epigraphik bd 171 p 196 1 2 strabo xvi p 770 full citation needed diod iii 39 full citation needed 1 2 huntingford g w b 1980 the ethnology and history of the area covered by the periplus periplus of the erythraean sea london uk cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link full citation needed gauthier henri 1928 dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans les textes hiéroglyphiques vol 5 p 107 wallis budge e a 1920 an egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary vol ii john murray p 1038 with an index of english words king list and geological list with indexes list of hieroglyphic characters coptic and semitic alphabets etc strabo geography xvi 770 xvii 815 pliny the elder natural history vi 26 103 vi 33 168 stephanus of byzantium s v full citation needed sidebotham steven e 2019 berenike and the ancient maritime spice route univ of california press pp 237 238 isbn 9780520303386 retrieved 18 june 2019 pliny the elder vi 23 s 26 full citation needed antonine itinerary p 172 f full citation needed giovanni battista belzoni travels vol ii p 35 full citation needed smith william 1854 dictionary of greek and roman geography abacaenum hytanis london uk walton and maberly pp 391 392 schoff wilfred harvey 1912 the periplus of the erythraean sea travel and trade in the indian ocean by a merchant of the first century london bombay calcutta archived from the original on 4 february 2017 retrieved 7 june 2016 orelli inscr lat no 3880 f full citation needed 1 2 chisholm hugh ed 1911 berenice encyclopædia britannica vol 3 11th ed cambridge university press pp 769 770 see article luminous gemstones island of ophiodes giovanni battista belzoni researches vol ii p 73 full citation needed krishnakumar r 2010 04 23 south indians in roman egypt www frontline in retrieved 2018 02 26 osypińska m osypiński p 2017 new evidence for the emergence of a human pet relation in early roman berenike 1st 2nd centuries ad polish archaeology in the mediterranean 26 2 167 192 doi 10 5604 01 3001 0012 1825 s2cid 189400184 1 2 grimm david 2021 02 26 graves of nearly 600 cats and dogs in ancient egypt may be world s oldest pet cemetery science magazine archaeology plants animals american association for the advancement of science doi 10 1126 science abh2835 retrieved 2021 03 16 archaeozoologist marta osypinska and her colleagues at the polish academy of sciences discovered the graveyard just outside the city walls of berenice beneath a roman trash dump in 2011 the cemetery appears to have been used between the first and second centuries ce when berenice was a bustling roman port that traded ivory fabrics and other luxury goods from india arabia and europe jarus owen 3 january 2019 this 2 300 year old egyptian fortress had an unusual task guarding a port that sent elephants to war live science retrieved 2021 03 16 geisburch jan autumn 2019 digging diary 2019 egyptian archaeology vol 55 s 27 monkeys found buried in 2 000 year old egyptian pet cemetery smithsonian magazine 27 august 2020 garum masala dramatic archaeological discoveries have led scholars to radically reassess the size and importance of the trade between ancient rome and india new york review 20 april 2023 magazine smithsonian parker christopher archaeologists unearth buddha statue in ancient egyptian port city smithsonian magazine references edit i zych j k rądkowska 2019 exotic cults in roman berenike an investigation into two temples in the harbour temenos in a manzo c zazzaro d joyce de falco eds stories of globalisation the red sea and the persian gulf from late prehistory to early modernity selected papers of red sea project vii brill nv leiden nl pp 225 245 j then obłuska 2018 beads and pendants from the hellenistic to early byzantine red sea port of berenike egypt season 2014 and 2015 polish archaeology in the mediterranean 27 1 pp 203 234 m woźniak 2017 shaping a city and its defenses fortifications of hellenistic berenike trogodytika polish archaeology in the mediterranean 26 2 pp 43 60 i zych 2017 the harbor of early roman imperial berenike overview of excavations from 2009 to 2015 polish archaeology in the mediterranean 26 2 pp 93 132 m osypińska p osypiński 2017 new evidence for the emergence of a human pet relation in early roman berenike 1st 2nd century ad polish archaeology in the mediterranean 26 2 pp 167 192 s e sidebotham i zych j k rądkowska m woźniak 2015 the berenike project hellenistic fort roman harbor and late roman temple archaeological fieldwork and studies in the 2012 and 2013 seasons polish archaeology in the mediterranean 24 1 pp 297 322 david meredith dec 1957 berenice troglodytica the journal of egyptian archaeology vol 43 pp 56 70 huntingford g w b 1980 the ethnology and history of the area covered by the periplus periplus of the erythraean sea london uk cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link s sidebotham and w wendrich 2001 roms tor am roten meer nach arabien und indien aw 32 3 p 251 263 full citation needed berenike project run by polish centre of mediterranean archaeology university of warsaw external links edit fordham edu periplus of the erythraean sea schoff translation the berenike project excavations at berenike 1994 2020 lecture by professor steven sidebotham on youtube v t e resorts in red sea riviera on the sinai peninsula taba nuweiba dahab sharm el sheikh nabq bay ras sedr ras um el sid ras muhammad national park straits of tiran sinai s nearby islands tiran island sanafir island pharaoh s island on the western red se...