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e conflicts years in brazil brazil portal v t e see also captaincies of brazil the states of brazil their respective flags their state capitals and their largest cities the present states of brazil trace their history directly to the captaincies established by portugal following the treaty of tordesillas which divided the world between portugal and spain the first administrative divisions of brazil were the hereditary captaincies capitanias hereditárias stretches of land granted by the portuguese crown to noblemen or merchants with a charter to colonize the land the first such captaincy was the island of são joão granted in 1504 to fernão de loronha the continental land was divided into captaincies in 1534 generally following lines of latitude although some followed meridians or diagonal lines 4 each of the holders of these captaincies was referred to as a captain donatary capitão donatário the captaincies were to be inherited by the holders descendants but the crown retained the power to reacquire them in 1549 the portuguese crown appointed tomé de sousa as the first governor general of the vast portuguese dominion in south america known as the state of brazil estado do brasil in 1621 the northern part of the dominion was detached becoming a separate entity known as the state of maranhão however captaincies continued existing under both states as regional administrations 5 during the iberian union 1580 1640 which allowed portuguese settlers to enter spanish domains the territory of portuguese colonial domains in south america was more than doubled with both states of brazil and maranhão greatly expanding westward after the union ended portugal asserted its territorial claims which spain eventually accepted with the treaty of madrid in 1750 several captaincies were created or merged during this period in both the original and western domains and some were returned to the crown becoming royal captaincies 5 the government of the marquis of pombal 1750 1777 significantly centralized the administration of the portuguese colonies by 1759 all captaincies had been returned to the crown with captains becoming appointed rather than recognized by inheritance some captaincies were designated as captaincies general to which other captaincies were subordinated 5 in addition the state of grão pará and rio negro and the state of maranhão and piauí which had been split from the state of maranhão were reincorporated into the state of brazil in 1775 under a single governor general this centralization later helped to keep brazil as a unified nation state avoiding fragmentation similar to that of the spanish domains the captaincies became provinces in 1821 during the final years of the kingdom of brazil united with portugal and maintained that designation after independence in 1822 under the empire of brazil most internal boundaries were kept unchanged from the end of the colonial period generally following natural features such as rivers and mountain ridges some changes were made to suit domestic politics transferring the triângulo mineiro from goiás to minas gerais transferring the south bank of the são francisco river from pernambuco to minas gerais and later to bahia separating the capital city of rio de janeiro as a neutral municipality outside any province splitting amazonas from pará and splitting paraná from são paulo as well as international border adjustments resulting from diplomatic settlement of territorial disputes the cisplatine province was annexed into brazil in 1821 declared independence as uruguay in 1825 and was recognized by the treaty of montevideo in 1828 when brazil became a republic in 1889 all provinces became states and the neutral municipality became the federal district in 1903 brazil acquired the territory of acre from bolivia with the treaty of petrópolis in 1942 1943 with the entrance of brazil into world war ii the vargas regime detached six strategic territories from the borders of the country to administer them directly the archipelago of fernando de noronha from pernambuco amapá from pará rio branco from amazonas guaporé from mato grosso and amazonas ponta porã from mato grosso and iguaçu from paraná and santa catarina 6 7 8 shortly after the war the brazilian constitution of 1946 returned ponta porã and iguaçu to their original states 9 guaporé was renamed rondônia in 1956 10 and rio branco was renamed roraima in 1962 11 while remaining territories along with amapá and fernando de noronha acre became a state in 1962 12 in 1960 the rectangular shaped distrito federal was carved out of goiás to contain the new capital brasília 13 14 the previous federal district became the state of guanabara 9 but in 1975 it was reincorporated into its original state of rio de janeiro becoming its capital as the city of rio de janeiro 15 in 1977 the southern part of mato grosso became the state of mato grosso do sul 16 in 1981 rondônia became a state 17 the brazilian constitution of 1988 created the state of tocantins from the northern portion of goiás established amapá and roraima as states and returned the archipelago of fernando de noronha to pernambuco 1 the constitution thus ended all remaining territories although it maintained the possibility of creating others in the future proposed federative states edit main article proposed federative units of brazil proposed division of pará edit main article 2011 pará state division plebiscite on 11 december 2011 a consultative referendum was held in the state of pará about creating two new states from parts of it tapajós and carajás with the rest of the state remaining as pará both proposals were rejected by about 66 of statewide voters but reflecting a strong geographic split with over 90 approval by voters in the proposed breakaway regions and over 90 disapproval by those in the rest of the state 18 19 maps edit 1534 captaincies of brazil 1574 the division of brazil into two governments 1647 dutch invasions of brazil 1709 expansion and mergers 1822 imperial provinces 1850 division of the grão pará province 1889 states at the start of the republic 1943 border territories 1988 current states list edit see also list of brazilian states by highest point list of brazilian states by literacy rate list of brazilian states by life expectancy list of brazilian states by infant mortality and list of brazilian states by murder rate flag and name code capital area 20 population 2026 21 density 2022 established year 22 hdi 2024 23 km 2 sq mi per km 2 per sq mi acre ac rio branco 164 123 63 368 887 794 6 34 16 4 1962 0 754 alagoas al maceió 27 779 10 726 3 221 128 125 52 325 1 1817 0 746 amapá ap macapá 142 829 55 147 809 953 2 63 6 8 1988 0 759 amazonas am manaus 1 559 159 601 995 4 360 926 2 58 6 7 1850 0 767 bahia ba salvador 564 733 218 045 14 889 472 30 52 79 0 1534 0 759 ceará ce fortaleza 148 921 57 499 9 302 211 60 33 156 3 1799 0 773 distrito federal df brasília 5 780 2 230 3 009 996 493 00 1 276 9 1960 0 866 espírito santo es vitória 46 096 17 798 4 150 692 80 63 208 8 1810 0 804 goiás go goiânia 340 112 131 318 7 495 033 18 46 47 8 1748 0 815 maranhão ma são luís 331 937 128 162 7 024 557 19 03 49 3 1534 0 745 mato grosso mt cuiabá 903 366 348 792 3 950 330 4 01 10 4 1748 0 812 mato grosso do sul ms campo grande 357 146 137 895 2 946 317 7 83 20 3 1979 0 797 minas gerais mg belo horizonte 586 522 226 457 21 460 311 31 72 82 2 1720 0 809 pará pa belém 1 247 955 481 838 8 756 324 7 02 18 2 1616 0 758 paraíba pb joão pessoa 56 470 21 800 4 182 828 78 93 204 4 1799 0 760 paraná pr curitiba 199 308 76 953 11 952 524 43 46 112 6 1853 0 822 pernambuco pe recife 98 148 37 895 9 583 176 103 83 268 9 1534 0 767 piauí pi teresina 251 578 97 135 3 392 617 9 73 25 2 1811 0 764 rio de janeiro rj rio de janeiro 43 780 16 900 17 225 410 387 46 1 003 5 1565 0 819 rio grande do norte rn natal 52 811 20 390 3 463 737 62 74 162 5 1817 0 778 rio grande do sul rs porto alegre 281 730 108 780 11 233 317 36 84 95 4 1760 0 818 rondônia ro porto velho 237 591 91 734 1 757 338 7 34 19 0 1982 0 786 roraima rr boa vista 224 301 86 603 761 012 2 54 6 6 1988 0 780 santa catarina sc florianópolis 95 736 36 964 8 312 691 69 74 180 6 1821 0 833 são paulo sp são paulo 248 223 95 839 46 179 008 175 73 455 1 1709 0 838 sergipe se aracaju 21 915 8 461 2 307 255 97 64 252 9 1820 0 761 tocantins to palmas 277 721 107 229 1 595 994 5 74 14 9 1988 0 797 brazil bra brasília 8 510 346 3 285 863 214 211 951 61 6 23 8 1822 0 805 approximate correspondence between historical divisions edit approximate correspondence between divisions in selected years land of brazil state of maranhão and grão pará state of brazil empire of brazil united states of brazil federative republic of brazil state of brazil 1534 1654 1775 1822 1853 1889 1943 1967 1977 1988 captaincies captaincies general provinces provinces states neutral municipality federal district federal district federal district territories part of tierra firme and new castile part of peru part of bolivia acre acre grão pará grão pará amazonas amazonas rio branco roraima roraima pará pará amapá amapá maranhão west maranhão maranhão maranhão maranhão east piauí ceará ceará pernambuco ceará rio grande rio grande do norte itamaracá paraíba paraíba são joão pernambuco fernando de noronha pernambuco pernambuco pernambuco alagoas baía de todos os santos bahia sergipe bahia ilhéus porto seguro espírito santo espírito santo são tomé rio de janeiro rio de janeiro rio de janeiro são vicente north município neutro distrito federal guanabara são vicente minas gerais part of new castile and new toledo goiás goiás tocantins goiás distrito federal mato grosso guaporé rondônia rondônia mato grosso mato grosso mato grosso ponta porã mato grosso do sul santo amaro são paulo são paulo são vicente south paraná paraná paraná iguaçu santana rio de janeiro dependencies santa catarina santa catarina santa catarina part of new andalusia part of peru rio grande do sul part of peru cisplatina uruguay see also edit brazil portal brazil socio geographic division list of brazilian states by human development index list of brazilian states by murder rate list of brazil state name etymologies provinces of brazil regions of brazil references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 constitution of the federative republic of brazil of 1988 government of brazil in portuguese law no 11304 of 28 december 1995 legislative assembly of pernambuco in portuguese federalism and parties in brazil pdf university of california san diego retrieved 21 june 2026 brazil s twenty seven state governments share nearly identical institutional frameworks their institutions also share many characteristics of the national government except that the states are unitary systems reconstructing the map of the hereditary captaincies jorge pimentel cintra annals of the museum of são paulo july december 2013 in portuguese 1 2 3 the political administrative organization and the regionalization process of the brazilian colonial territory paulo pedro perides department of geography magazine 7 november 2011 in portuguese decree law no 4102 of 9 february 1942 chamber of deputies of brazil in portuguese decree law no 5812 of 13 september 1943 government of brazil in portuguese decree law no 6 550 of 31 may 1944 government of brazil in portuguese 1 2 constitution of the united states of brazil of 18 september 1946 government of brazil in portuguese law no 2731 of 17 february 1956 government of brazil in portuguese law no 4182 of 13 december 1962 chamber of deputies of brazil in portuguese law no 4070 of 15 june 1962 government of brazil in portuguese law no 2874 of 19 september 1956 government of brazil in portuguese law no 3273 of 1 october 1957 government of brazil in portuguese complementary law no 20 of 1 july 1974 government of brazil in portuguese complementary law no 31 of 11 october 1977 government of brazil in portuguese complementary law no 41 of 22 december 1981 government of brazil in portuguese voters reject division of brazilian state americas quarterly 13 december 2011 in referendum voters of pará reject division of the state g1 11 december 2011 in portuguese areas of the municipalities ibge 2018 projeções da população ibge retrieved 28 january 2026 order of precedence of brazil in brazilian portuguese brasil alcança pela primeira vez patamar de muito alto desenvolvimento humano aponta pnud un in brazilian portuguese 27 may 2026 archived from the original on 28 june 2026 retrieved 20 july 2026 external links edit economic statistical data for brazil s 26 states and federal district in english portuguese and spanish wikimedia atlas of brazil map of brazil showing states and their standard time zones v t e first level administrative divisions of south american countries argentina bolivia brazil chile colombia ecuador guyana paraguay peru suriname uruguay venezuela table of administrative country subdivisions by country v t e brazil articles history timeline 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