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rt of rice from burma gaikwad of baroda dethroned for misgovernment dominions passed to a child prince indian councils act 1874 visit of the prince of wales the future edward vii in 1875 76 12 april 1876 8 june 1880 lord lytton baluchistan established as a chief commissionership queen victoria in absentia proclaimed empress of india at delhi durbar of 1877 great famine of 1876 1878 5 25 million dead reduced relief offered at expense of rs 80 million creation of famine commission of 1878 80 under sir richard strachey indian forest act of 1878 second anglo afghan war 8 june 1880 13 december 1884 marquess of ripon 135 end of second anglo afghan war repeal of the vernacular press act of 1878 compromise on the ilbert bill local government acts extend self government from towns to the country university of punjab established in lahore in 1882 famine code promulgated in 1883 by the government of india creation of the education commission creation of indigenous schools especially for muslims repeal of import duties on cotton and of most tariffs railway extension 13 december 1884 10 december 1888 earl of dufferin 136 137 passage of bengal tenancy bill third anglo burmese war joint anglo russian boundary commission appointed for the afghan frontier russian attack on afghans at panjdeh 1885 the great game in full play report of public services commission of 1886 87 creation of the imperial civil service later the indian civil service ics and today the indian administrative service university of allahabad established in 1887 queen victoria s jubilee 1887 10 december 1888 11 october 1894 marquess of lansdowne 138 strengthening of nw frontier defence creation of imperial service troops consisting of regiments contributed by the princely states gilgit agency leased in 1899 british parliament passes indian councils act 1892 opening the imperial legislative council to indians revolution in princely state of manipur and subsequent reinstatement of ruler high point of the great game establishment of the durand line between british india and afghanistan railways roads and irrigation works begun in burma border between burma and siam finalised in 1893 fall of the rupee resulting from the steady depreciation of silver currency worldwide 1873 93 indian prisons act of 1894 11 october 1894 6 january 1899 earl of elgin reorganisation of indian army from presidency system to the four commands pamir agreement russia 1895 the chitral campaign 1895 the tirah campaign 1896 97 indian famine of 1896 1897 beginning in bundelkhand bubonic plague in bombay 1896 bubonic plague in calcutta 1898 riots in the wake of plague prevention measures establishment of provincial legislative councils in burma and punjab the former a new lieutenant governorship 6 january 1899 18 november 1905 lord curzon of kedleston 139 140 creation of the north west frontier province under a chief commissioner 1901 indian famine of 1899 1900 return of the bubonic plague 1 million deaths financial reform act of 1899 gold reserve fund created for india punjab land alienation act inauguration of department now ministry of commerce and industry death of queen victoria 1901 dedication of the victoria memorial hall calcutta as a national gallery of indian antiquities art and history coronation durbar in delhi 1903 edward vii in absentia proclaimed emperor of india francis younghusband s british expedition to tibet 1903 04 north western provinces previously ceded and conquered provinces and oudh renamed united provinces in 1904 reorganisation of indian universities act 1904 systemisation of preservation and restoration of ancient monuments by archaeological survey of india with the indian ancient monument preservation act inauguration of agricultural banking with cooperative credit societies act of 1904 partition of bengal new province of east bengal and assam under a lieutenant governor census of 1901 gives the total population at 294 million including 62 million in the princely states and 232 million in british india 141 about 170 000 are europeans 15 million men and 1 million women are literate of those school aged 25 of the boys and 3 of the girls attend school there are 207 million hindus and 63 million muslims along with 9 million buddhists in burma 3 million christians 2 million sikhs 1 million jains and 8 4 million who practise animism 142 18 november 1905 23 november 1910 earl of minto 63 creation of the railway board anglo russian convention of 1907 indian councils act 1909 also minto morley reforms appointment of indian factories commission in 1909 establishment of department of education in 1910 now ministry of education 23 november 1910 4 april 1916 lord hardinge of penshurst visit of king george v and queen mary in 1911 commemoration as emperor and empress of india at last delhi durbar king george v announces creation of new city of new delhi to replace calcutta as capital of india indian high courts act 1911 indian factories act of 1911 construction of new delhi 1912 1929 world war i indian army in western front belgium 1914 german east africa battle of tanga 1914 mesopotamian campaign battle of ctesiphon 1915 siege of kut 1915 16 battle of galliopoli 1915 16 passage of defence of india act 1915 4 april 1916 2 april 1921 lord chelmsford indian army in mesopotamian campaign fall of baghdad 1917 sinai and palestine campaign battle of megiddo 1918 passage of rowlatt act 1919 government of india act 1919 also montagu chelmsford reforms jallianwala bagh massacre 1919 third anglo afghan war 1919 university of rangoon established in 1920 indian passport act of 1920 british indian passport introduced 2 april 1921 3 april 1926 earl of reading university of delhi established in 1922 indian workers compensation act of 1923 3 april 1926 18 april 1931 lord irwin indian trade unions act of 1926 indian forest act 1927 appointment of royal commission of indian labour 1929 indian constitutional round table conferences london 1930 32 gandhi irwin pact 1931 18 april 1931 18 april 1936 earl of willingdon new delhi inaugurated as capital of india 1931 indian workmen s compensation act of 1933 indian factories act of 1934 royal indian air force created in 1932 indian military academy established in 1932 government of india act 1935 creation of reserve bank of india 18 april 1936 1 october 1943 marquess of linlithgow indian payment of wages act of 1936 burma administered independently after 1937 with creation of new cabinet position secretary of state for india and burma and with the burma office separated off from the india office indian provincial elections of 1937 cripps mission to india 1942 indian army in mediterranean middle east and african theatres of world war ii north african campaign operation compass operation crusader first battle of el alamein second battle of el alamein east african campaign 1940 anglo iraqi war 1941 syria lebanon campaign 1941 anglo soviet invasion of iran 1941 indian army in battle of hong kong battle of malaya battle of singapore burma campaign of world war ii begins in 1942 1 october 1943 21 february 1947 viscount wavell indian army becomes at 2 5 million men the largest all volunteer force in history world war ii burma campaign 1943 45 battle of kohima battle of imphal bengal famine of 1943 indian army in italian campaign battle of monte cassino british labour party wins uk general election of 1945 with clement attlee becoming prime minister 1946 cabinet mission to india indian elections of 1946 21 february 1947 15 august 1947 viscount mountbatten of burma indian independence act 1947 of the british parliament enacted on 18 july 1947 radcliffe award august 1947 partition of india august 1947 india office and position of secretary of state for india abolished ministerial responsibility within the united kingdom for british relations with india and pakistan transferred to the commonwealth relations office british india and the princely states main articles presidencies and provinces of british india princely state and subdivisions of british india india during the british raj was made up of two types of territory british india and the native states or princely states 143 in its interpretation act 1889 the british parliament adopted the following definitions in section 18 4 the expression british india shall mean all territories and places within her majesty s dominions which are for the time being governed by her majesty through the governor general of india or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the governor general of india 5 the expression india shall mean british india together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of her majesty exercised through the governor general of india or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the governor general of india 1 in general the term british india has been used and is still used to refer also to the regions under the rule of the british east india company in india from 1600 to 1858 144 the term has also been used to refer to the british in india 145 the terms indian empire and empire of india like the term british empire were not used in legislation the monarch was officially known as empress or emperor of india and the term was often used in queen victoria s queen s speeches and prorogation speeches in addition an order of knighthood the most eminent order of the indian empire was set up in 1878 suzerainty over 175 princely states some of the largest and most important was exercised in the name of the british crown by the central government of british india under the viceroy the remaining approximately 500 states were dependents of the provincial governments of british india under a governor lieutenant governor or chief commissioner as the case might have been 146 a clear distinction between dominion and suzerainty was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law the law of british india rested upon the laws passed by the british parliament and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of british india both central and local in contrast the courts of the princely states existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states 146 major provinces main article presidencies and provinces of british india at the turn of the 20th century british india consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a governor or a lieutenant governor areas and populations excluding the dependent native states c 1907 147 province of british india and present day territories total area population in 1901 millions chief administrative officer assam assam arunachal pradesh meghalaya mizoram nagaland 130 000 km 2 50 000 sq mi 6 chief commissioner bengal bangladesh west bengal bihar jharkhand and odisha 390 000 km 2 150 000 sq mi 75 lieutenant governor bombay sindh and parts of maharashtra gujarat and karnataka 320 000 km 2 120 000 sq mi 19 governor in council burma myanmar 440 000 km 2 170 000 sq mi 9 lieutenant governor central provinces and berar madhya pradesh and parts of maharashtra chhattisgarh and odisha 270 000 km 2 100 000 sq mi 13 chief commissioner madras andhra pradesh tamil nadu and parts of kerala karnataka odisha and telangana 370 000 km 2 140 000 sq mi 38 governor in council punjab punjab province islamabad capital territory punjab haryana himachal pradesh chandigarh and the national capital territory of delhi 250 000 km 2 97 000 sq mi 20 lieutenant governor united provinces uttar pradesh and uttarakhand 280 000 km 2 110 000 sq mi 48 lieutenant governor during the partition of bengal 1905 1913 the new province of eastern bengal and assam was created as a lieutenant governorship in 1911 east bengal was reunited with bengal and the new provinces in the east became assam bengal bihar and orissa 147 minor provinces in addition there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a chief commissioner 148 minor province of british india and present day territories total area in km 2 sq mi population in 1901 in thousands chief administrative officer ajmer merwara parts of rajasthan 7 000 2 700 477 ex officio chief commissioner andaman and nicobar islands andaman and nicobar islands 78 000 30 000 25 chief commissioner british baluchistan balochistan 120 000 46 000 308 ex officio chief commissioner coorg province kodagu district 4 100 1 600 181 ex officio chief commissioner north west frontier province khyber pakhtunkhwa 41 000 16 000 2 125 chief commissioner princely states main article princely state a princely state also called a native state or an indian state was a british vassal state in india with an indigenous nominal indian ruler subject to a subsidiary alliance 149 there were 565 princely states when india and pakistan became independent from britain in august 1947 the princely states did not form a part of british india i e the presidencies and provinces as they were not directly under british rule the larger ones had treaties with britain that specified which rights the princes had in the smaller ones the princes had few rights within the princely states external affairs defence and most communications were under british control citation needed the british also exercised a general influence over the states internal politics in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers although there were nearly 600 princely states the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the british some two hundred of the states had an area of less than 25 square kilometres 10 square miles 149 the last vestige of the mughal empire in delhi which was under company authority before the advent of british raj was finally abolished and seized by the crown in the aftermath of the sepoy mutiny of 1857 for its support to the rebellion 150 151 the princely states were grouped into agencies and residencies organisation sir charles wood 1800 1885 was president of the board of control of the east india company from 1852 to 1855 he shaped british education policy in india and was secretary of state for india from 1859 to 1866 following the indian rebellion of 1857 usually called the indian mutiny by the british the government of india act 1858 made changes in the governance of india at three levels in the imperial government in london in the central government in calcutta and in the provincial governments in the presidencies and later in the provinces 152 in london it provided for a cabinet level secretary of state for india and a fifteen member council of india whose members were required as one prerequisite of membership to have spent at least ten years in india and to have done so no more than ten years before 153 although the secretary of state formulated the policy instructions to be communicated to india he was required in most instances to consult the council but especially so in matters relating to the spending of indian revenues the act envisaged a system o...