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ity portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 distribution toggle distribution subsection 1 1 li jinfang 1996 1 2 li yunbing 2005 2 people 3 phonology toggle phonology subsection 3 1 consonants 3 1 1 nala consonants 3 1 2 manlong consonants 3 2 vowels 3 2 1 nala vowels 3 2 2 manlong vowels 3 3 tones 3 3 1 nala tones 3 3 2 manlong tones 4 morphosyntax toggle morphosyntax subsection 4 1 nominal morphology 4 1 1 proforms 4 1 2 interrogatives 4 1 3 classifiers 4 1 4 numerals 4 2 derivation 4 3 copulas 5 sample text 6 notes 7 references toggle the table of contents bugan language 9 languages français hrvatski igbo ilokano bahasa melayu piemontèis português kiswahili 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia austroasiatic language spoken in china bugan redirects here for other uses see bugan disambiguation bugan pakan native to china region yunnan native speakers 2 700 2005 1 language family austroasiatic pakanic bugan dialects nala manlong language codes iso 639 3 bbh glottolog buga1247 elp bugan bugan bogan pakan or bugeng 布甘语 布干语 or 布赓语 is an austroasiatic language 2 the existence of the bugan language was not known by the rest of world until recently there are about 3000 speakers mostly in some villages in southern guangnan 广南 and northern xichou 西畴 yunnan province china bugan is an analytic language and word order and auxiliary words have important functions in the grammar 3 distribution edit li jinfang 1996 edit according to li jinfang 1996 the bugan speaking population is distributed in seven villages across southern guangnan 广南 and northern xichou 西畴 yunnan province china laowalong 老挖龙 bugan only population bugan language pə55 luŋ13 xinwalong 新挖龙 bugan only population bugan language pə55 tsuŋ13 jiuping 九平 bugan and han chinese population bugan language pə55 tsiaŋ31 shibeipo 石北坡 bugan only population bugan language pə55 ɕe13 xinzhai 新寨 bugan and han chinese population bugan language li̠31 laŋ13 malong 马龙 bugan only population bugan language pə55 ɣu31 nala 那拉 bugan and han chinese population li yunbing 2005 edit according to a more recent survey by li yunbing 2005 the bugan people comprising a total of 500 households and 2 700 individuals live in the following locations laowalong 老挖龙 nasa township 那洒镇 4 bugan language pə31 loŋ55 xinwalong 新挖龙 5 bugan language pə31 tɕoŋ55 xiaoping 小坪寨 bugan language pə31 tɕaŋ55 nala 那腊 6 bugan language pə31 pʰja44 jiuping 九坪 zhuanjiao township 篆角乡 chongtian township 冲天乡 7 bugan language pə31 tɕa̠ŋ31 shibeipo 石碑坡 8 bugan language pə55 ɕe24 manlong 曼龙 9 bugan language pu31ɣu31 li yunbing also uses the term bùgēng 布赓 in place of bùgān 布甘 people edit the bugan people s autonym is pə55 ka̠n33 while the surrounding han chinese call them huazu chinese 花族 literally flower people or hualo chinese 花倮 due to their colorful clothing 10 other autonyms are pu55 qe̠ŋ44 in manlong xichou county and pə55 qe̠ŋ44 in nala and xinwalong in guangnan county they are an unrecognized ethnic minority and are currently classified as yi the bugan are endogamous and thus do not usually marry people from other ethnic groups 11 the bugan people also hold their own new year s day celebration in april of the chinese lunar calendar which is separate from that of the han chinese new year common bugan surnames include li 李 wang 王 guo 郭 luo 罗 yan 严 lu 卢 pu 普 and yi phonology edit bugan is a tonal svo language unlike the bolyu language bugan distinguishes between tense and lax voice qualities in current linguistic publications on bugan tense voice is indicated by underlining vowels bugan has a total of 49 onsets including various consonant clusters and 67 possible rimes 12 there is a small difference in the phonemic inventory between two bugan dialects nala bugan and manlong bugan nala bugan is spoken in the nala village 那腊 nala town guangnan county wenshan prefecture yunnan the bugan of this village call themselves pə qe̠ŋ and their village pə³¹pʰja data of the nala dialect was collected by li jinfang 2006 a brief grammatical sketch of nala bugan was provided by li luo 2015 manlong bugan is spoken by the bugan tribe of the manlong 曼龙 village jijie township xichou county wenshan prefecture yunnan it is mutually intelligible with nala bugan bugans refer to this village by their native toponym pu³¹ɣu³¹ and call themselves pu qe̠ŋ neighboring communities of the manlong bugans often call them the flowery luo 花倮 people due to their colorful ethnic clothing a grammatical description of manlong bugan has been documented in detail by li yunbing 2005 13 consonants edit phonemically manlong bugan has two more consonants by count than nala bugan unique to manlong are the four consonants d͡ʑ ɴ ɢ qʰ while unique to nala are the two θ v with their inventories otherwise aligning 14 prenasalized and palatalized clusters are not included in their phonemic inventory counts however manlong bugan possesses a richer inventory of complex cluster onsets compared to nala bugan featuring a series of glided palatalized clusters a series of prenasalized clusters and three other labial clusters pt͡s pt͡sʰ bd nala consonants edit initial consonants in nala bugan 15 labial dental alveolar alveolo palatal velar uvular glottal plain sibilant nasal m n ɲ ŋ stop affricate voiceless plain p t t͡s t͡ɕ k q ʔ aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ prenasalized ᵐt͡sʰ ᵑq voiced plain b d d͡z ɡ prenasalized ᵐb ᵐd ⁿd ᵐd͡z ⁿd͡z ᵑɡ fricative voiceless f θ s ɕ x h voiced v ʑ ɣ approximant w l j prenasal consonant cluster sounds include ᵐt͡s ᵐt͡sʰ pt͡s pt͡sʰ ᵐd͡z ᵐv ᵐd ᵑg ᵑq ⁿd and ⁿd͡z sounds t͡s t͡sʰ are heard as alveolo palatal t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ when preceding i 16 in tone 31 ᵐt͡s ᵐt͡sʰ ᵐd͡z may be pronounced as pt͡s pt͡sʰ pd͡z eg mtsʰɑ³¹ ptsʰɑ³¹ to rub with the hands make a cord 16 cluster ŋg sometimes may be realized as plain velar nasal eg ŋga³¹ ŋa³¹ yellow 16 manlong consonants edit initial consonants in manlong bugan 13 labial alveolar alveolo palatal velar uvular glottal plain pal plain pal sibilant plain pal nasal m mʲ n ɲ ŋ ɴ stop affricate voiceless plain p pʲ t tʲ t͡s t͡ɕ k kʲ q ʔ aspirated pʰ pʰʲ tʰ tʰʲ t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ qʰ voiced plain b bʲ d dʲ d͡z d͡ʑ ɡ ɢ prenasalized ᵐb ᵐbʲ ᵐd ⁿd ᵐbd͡z ⁿd͡z ᶮd͡ʑ ᵑɡ ᶰɢ fricative voiceless f s ɕ x xʲ h voiced ʑ ɣ approximant w l j vowels edit nala vowels edit in nala bugan there is a distinction between tense throat vowels indicated here with an underline and lax throat plain vowels 16 oral vowels front central back plain tense plain tense plain tense close i y i ɯ u ɯ u close mid e e ə o open mid ɛ ɛ ɔ open a a nasal vowels front central back plain tense plain tense close ũ ũ mid ɛ̃ ə̃ õ open ã ã in the same syllable tense and lax vowels do not co occur the restriction seems to be phonemic because tense vowels are described as having a lower and more retracted tongue position than their lax counterparts eg ta³¹ near is realized as a central open a while tense a̠ in ta̠³¹ to bet is closer to ɑ 17 manlong vowels edit like nala bugan lax and tense vowel contrast is found in manlong bugan each monophthong also has a nasalized counterpart 18 front central back close i u close mid e ə o open mid ɛ ɔ open a tones edit nala tones edit in syllables with a rising tone tense vowels are accompanied by a noticeably constricted or tight laryngeal setting making the tense quality acoustically salient in syllables with the falling tone 31 however the laryngeal tension weakens so the contrast relies more heavily on vowel quality itself there are six contrastive tones in nala bugan the neutral tone only occurs in some prefixes 17 tone contour context neutral 0 open syllables low rising 13 open syllables high rising 35 open syllables low falling 31 checked p̚ t̚ k̚ open syllables mid level 33 checked open syllables high level 55 checked open syllables tone is highly unstable in bugan a portion of the lexicon can be pronounced with two tones without semantic losses e g ʑou³³ earth χau ³¹ valley mtshi ¹³ to milk 17 tone shift occurs relative common in speech contexts with harmonic assimilation to the tone contour of the conjunctive element e g χɛ³¹ bad mə χɛ taste bad nam³ year mə nam one year nam³³ ni³³ this year 19 manlong tones edit manlong bugan reportedly has four contour tones 55 44 24 and 31 20 morphosyntax edit nominal morphology edit proforms edit in possessive constructions tone contour in pronouns is raised to 55 to express possessive relation with the syntactically np head eg pa² ʔɔ father 1sg poss my father 21 singular dual plural 1st person exclusive ʔɔ³¹ wi³¹ bi̠ɔ̱³¹ pɛ³¹ inclusive wi³¹ 2nd person mɯ³¹ mi³¹ bi̠ɔ̱³¹ mi³¹ 3rd person ʔi³¹ hɛ³¹ bi̠ɔ̱³¹ hɛ³¹ interrogatives edit bugan appears to build interrogatives analytically by attaching the element pau³ to nominal or pronominal bases for example mɯ pau³ means who but can also function as an infinitive pronoun anyone this also holds true with mə dze what whatever 22 interrogative meaning mə dze what ʔo pau³ where ɣen pau³ why ɣɯ³¹pau³ how mɯ pau³ which one ta pau³ which ones tə pau³ how many tsə pau³ when which day classifiers edit there are two types of classifiers in bugan 23 noun verbal classifier purpose classifier purpose pau³¹ humans tsi³ time frequency biə³³ animals fɛ³¹ for trip li̠³³ long objects mtsa³ for eating tsʰe¹³ objects rivers tuŋ for biting tsu̠ŋ plants ŋga³¹ for sleeps naps liu³³ thin sheet objects ta̱ŋ³³ for hitting with fist tsam³³ pairs pam³ portions numerals edit bugan has a typical austroasiatic decimal counting system with head first combining forms for higher numerals for examples nineteen in bugan is mã³¹ ɕi³³ 10 9 forty is pau³³ mã³¹ 4 x 10 200 is bi³¹ ʑu³¹ 2 x 100 and 10 010 is mə vã¹³ lɛ³³ ma³¹ or 1 x 10 000 10 24 comparison of some cardinal numerals of bugan mang mangic and gorum south munda bugan mang gorum counting 25 gloss bugan mang gorum notes one bɔ mə măk bɔˀj mə is the weakly suppletive form of bɔ in nps with classifiers and numbers higher than 100 two biɔ³¹ bi³¹ ʑɯəi² bag bagu bi³¹ is the shorter form of biɔ³¹ only occurs in nps with classifiers and numbers larger than 100 three mtse³¹ pe³ yag yagu yagi cf santali pɛ four pau³³ pun² ungi cf santali pon five mi³³ hăn² mɔnlɔy six pi̱o̱³³ ʑɔ̆m² turgi cf palaung tɔr semelai pruʔ seven po̱u̱³¹ tăm¹ py³ gulgi eight sã³³ tăm¹ ham² tamgi nine ɕi³³ tăm¹ θin² timgi ten mã³¹ ʑi³ mɛ galgi cf wa kau palaung ʔukɤr hundred ʑu³¹ ran ʑan derivation edit a significant portion of bugan lexemes appears to be derived via phonological alternation a widespread feature in mainland southeast asian linguistic area 26 kui̠³³ to dry with smoke and kui³³ fire smoke ɕi po³¹ yesterday evening and ɕa po³¹ tomorrow evening ŋɔ³³ peppery and ŋa³³ salted tshuŋ³¹ throat and tshuŋ³³ thirsty mtsha¹³ to kill and mtsa³¹ to die a diminutive infix xi³¹ is often found in terms relating to small female animal e g mu³³li cow mu³³xi³¹li small cow mu³³ɕen nanny goat mu³³xi³ɕen small nanny goat 27 bugan nouns display a morphological distinction between free forms and combining forms in free forms the monosyllabic nominal root usually appear with a prefix although their characterization as prefixes is somewhat arbitrary as they never manifest in free isolation or carry any lexical meaning and productive function 28 those dozen or so prefixes in bugan seem to be fossilized retentions of an earlier classification system even if many common ones occur across various noun categories that are difficult to unite semantically 29 pə commonly found in body parʦ kinship nations people made objects or locative nouns pə lai³³ tongue pə bop³¹ bou³¹ head pə khui the han pə mio³¹ the miao hmong pə ʑuŋ ³¹ old people pə poŋ hammer pə ɕi̠ left side tə body parts localities or animals tə qo̱u̱³ palm of the hand tə ɣo inside tə qɔ³³thɔ tiger te plants birds rivers fauna made objects or weather te taŋ moss te ta̱n³³ pumpkin te kɔ̱ŋ³ shrimp pu animals pu laŋ³¹ stallion pu ɕen nanny goat mu³³ plants and female animals mu³³paŋ³¹ peach tree mu³³san pine tree mu³³tsau³³ bitch mu³³laŋ³¹ mare tse birds and made objects tse qa³ duck tse ŋaŋ³ goose tse va̠n³¹ ringnecked pheasant mə³³ ready made tools or objects mə³³tsa³¹ hand straw cutter mə³³dou³³ firewood knife mə³³kua³¹ folk song lə few body parts lə kə³³ lower jaw lə po shoulder di³³ january march or december of the chinese lunar calendar di³³tsaŋ³ january di³³ȵi³¹ february di³³sã¹³ march di³³liã³¹ december mə april november of the chinese lunar calendar mə pau³³ april mə mi³³ may mə bɔ november additionally new lexical words can be formed via compounding there are lexicalized verb noun compounds i e noun incorporation e g tsɔ̱³¹ɕɔ̱³ go hunting derived from tsɔ̱³¹ hunt and ɕɔ̱³ game compounds are generally head first e g biou³³ɣɔ³³ hill rock rock hill karst formation ʑuŋ ³¹ tse³¹ foot mountain foot of mountain although there are few examples in which the modifier precedes the head such as da³ ta̱ɯ̱³ water field rice field 19 copulas edit nala bugan has two copulas generic ni³³ ȵu³³ and negative mə sa̱ŋ ȵu³³ presumably derived from the same root which means do is not frequently used as copula 30 ʔɔ³¹ i ni³³ ȵu³³ cop pə ka̱n³³ bugan ʔɔ³¹ ni³³ ȵu³³ pə ka̱n³³ i cop bugan i am a bugan the preverbal negative mə appears to be deeply connected with a wide array of munda and austroasiatic preverbal negatives otherwise such as the conservative south munda juang finite negative ma gtaʔ ma kharia um gorum ambu 31 bugan li luo 2015 1044 ʔɔ³¹ i mə neg sa̱ŋ cop piau¹³ person pə se³³ guangnan ʔɔ³¹ mə sa̱ŋ piau¹³ pə se³³ i neg cop person guangnan i am not a native of guangnan kharia peterson 2011 kerkeʈʈā 1990 11 am you um neg co na m go mid irr 2sg laʔ ta emot mid pres am um co na m laʔ ta you neg go mid irr 2sg emot mid pres it looks like you won t be going hill gtaʔ anderson 2020 field notes ma bihæ nǝ neg attr marry attr ngire young man ma bihæ nǝ ngire neg attr marry attr young man unmarried young man bachelor sample text edit the following story was narrated by a bugan man named wang zhiyou in manlong dialect manlong village xichou county wenshan prefecture yunnan recorded and translated by li yunbing 2005 32 bugan folklore the sun and the chicken pei² sun tɕaŋ³¹ and tɕa̠² chicken pei² tɕaŋ³¹ tɕa̠² sun and chicken the sun and the chicken tɕaɯ³¹kei before pei² sun kai exist ɕi̠ nine mou na sisters tɕaɯ³¹kei pei² kai ɕi̠ mou na before sun exist nine sisters long ago there were nine suns in the sky xa³¹ sundry ɣɔ̠ stone tɕi̠ then ɣɔ̠ stone ka̠³¹ crack xa³¹ sundry lɯ̠³¹ grass tɕi̠ then lɯ̠³¹ grass tɕo̠u³¹ dry xa³¹ ɣɔ̠ tɕi̠ ɣɔ̠ ka̠³¹ xa³¹ lɯ̠³¹...