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Text of the page (random words):
this article is about the letter for the programming language see c programming language for other uses see c disambiguation for technical reasons c and c redirect here for uses of c see c sharp for the keyboard symbols see list of emoticons for wikimedia commons see c c c c usage writing system latin script type alphabetic language of origin latin language sound values c k t͡ʃ t͡s d͡ʒ ʃ s 1 ʕ ʔ θ ð ʑ in unicode u 0043 u 0063 alphabetical position 3 history development γ γ 𐌂 c c time period c 700 bce present descendants ç ⓒ ⓒ 🄲 🅒 🅲 ȼ sisters г g գ 𐡂 ࠂ ג ܓ ج other associated numbers 100 this article contains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters iso basic latin alphabet aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh ii jj kk ll mm nn oo pp qq rr ss tt uu vv ww xx yy zz v t e c in copyright symbol c minuscule c is the third letter of the latin alphabet used in the modern english alphabet the alphabets of other western european languages and others worldwide its name in english is cee pronounced ˈ s iː ⓘ plural cees 2 history egyptian phoenician gaml western greek gamma etruscan c old latin c g latin c c comes from the same letter as g the semites named it gimel the sign is possibly adapted from an egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling which may have been the meaning of the name gimel another possibility is that it depicted a camel the semitic name for which was gamal barry b powell a specialist in the history of writing states it is hard to imagine how gimel camel can be derived from the picture of a camel it may show his hump or his head and neck 3 in the etruscan language plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing so the greek γ gamma was adopted into the etruscan alphabet to represent k already in the western greek alphabet gamma first took a form in early etruscan then in classical etruscan in latin it eventually took the c form in classical latin in the earliest latin inscriptions the letters c k q were used to represent the sounds k and ɡ which were not differentiated in writing of these q was used to represent k or ɡ before a rounded vowel k before a and c elsewhere 4 during the 3rd century bc a modified character was introduced for ɡ and c itself was retained for k the use of c and its variant g replaced most usages of k and q hence in the classical period and after g was treated as the equivalent of greek gamma and c as the equivalent of kappa this shows in the romanization of greek words as in καδμος κυρος and φωκις came into latin as cadmvs cyrvs and phocis respectively 5 other alphabets have letters homoglyphic to c but not analogous in use and derivation like the cyrillic letter es с с which derives from the lunate sigma later use when the roman alphabet was introduced into britain c represented only k and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular celtic languages in welsh 6 irish and gaelic c represents only k the old english latin based writing system was learned from the celts apparently of ireland hence c in old english also originally represented k the modern english words kin break broken thick and seek all come from old english words written with c cyn brecan brocen þicc and séoc however during the course of the old english period k before front vowels e and i was palatalized having changed by the tenth century to tʃ though c was still used as in cir i ce wrecc e a on the continent meanwhile a similar phonetic change before the same two vowels had also been going on in almost all of the romance languages for example in italian in vulgar latin k became palatalized to tʃ in italy and dalmatia in france and the iberian peninsula it became ts yet for these new sounds c was still used before the letters e and i the letter thus represented two distinct values subsequently the latin phoneme k w spelled qv de labialized to k meaning that the various romance languages had k before front vowels in addition norman used the letter k so that the sound k could be represented by either k or c the latter of which could represent either k or ts depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not the convention of using both c and k was applied to the writing of english after the norman conquest causing a considerable re spelling of the old english words thus while old english candel clif corn crop and cú remained unchanged cent cǣᵹ cēᵹ cyng brece and sēoce were now without any change of sound spelled kent keȝ kyng breke and seoke even cniht knight was subsequently changed to kniht and þic thick was changed to thik or thikk the old english cw was also at length displaced by the french qu so that the old english cwēn queen and cwic quick became middle english quen and quik respectively the sound tʃ to which old english palatalized k had advanced also occurred in french chiefly from latin k before a in french it was represented by the digraph ch as in champ from latin camp um and this spelling was introduced into english the hatton gospels written c 1160 have in matt i iii child chyld riche and mychel for the cild rice and mycel of the old english version whence they were copied in these cases the old english c gave way to k qu and ch on the other hand c in its new value of ts appeared largely in french words like processiun emperice and grace and was also substituted for ts in a few old english words as miltse bletsien in early middle english milce blecien by the end of the thirteenth century both in france and england this sound ts was de affricated to s and from that time c has represented s before front vowels either for etymological reasons as in lance cent or to avoid the ambiguity due to the etymological use of s for z as in ace mice once pence defence thus to show etymology english spelling has advise devise instead of advize devize while advice device dice ice mice twice etc do not reflect etymology example has extended this to hence pence defence etc where there is no etymological reason for using c former generations also wrote sence for sense hence today the romance languages and english have a common feature inherited from vulgar latin spelling conventions where c takes on either a hard or soft value depending on the following letter use in writing systems see also hard and soft c pronunciation of c by language orthography phonemes environment afar ħ albanian ts cypriot arabic ʕ azeri dʒ berber ʃ bukawa ʔ catalan k except before e i s before e i standard chinese pinyin tsʰ crimean tatar dʒ cornish standard written form s czech ts danish k except before e i y æ ø s before e i y æ ø dutch k except before e i y s before e i y tʃ before e i in loanwords from italian english k except before e i y s before e i y ʃ before ea ia ie io iu esperanto ts fijian ð filipino k except before e i s before e i french k except before e i y s before e i y fula tʃ gagauz dʒ galician k except before e i θ or s before e i german k except before ä e i ö ü y in loanwords and names ts before ä e i ö ü y in loanwords and names hausa tʃ hungarian ts indonesian tʃ irish k except before e i or after i c before e i or after i italian k except before e i tʃ before e i khmer ala lc c kurmanji hawar dʒ latin k and g in early latin latvian ts malay tʃ manding tʃ norwegian k except before e i y æ ø in loanwords and names s before e i y æ ø in loanwords and names polish ts except before i tɕ before i portuguese k except before e i s before e i romanian k except before e i tʃ before e i romansh k except before e i ts before e i scottish gaelic kʰ except before e i or after i kʰʲ before e i or after i serbo croatian ts slovak ts slovene ts somali ʕ spanish k except before e i y θ or s before e i y swedish k except before e i y ä ö s before e i y ä ö tajik tʃ tatar ʑ turkish dʒ valencian k except before e i s before e i vietnamese k except word finally k̚ word finally welsh k xhosa ǀ yabem ʔ yup ik tʃ zulu ǀ a click english in english orthography c generally represents the soft value of s before the letters e including the latin derived digraphs ae and oe or the corresponding ligatures æ and œ i and y and a hard value of k before any other letters or at the end of a word however there are a number of exceptions in english soccer celt and sceptic are words that have k where s would be expected the soft c may represent the ʃ sound in the digraph ci when this precedes a vowel as in the words delicious and appreciate and also in the word ocean and its derivatives the digraph ch most commonly represents tʃ but can also represent k mainly in words of greek origin or ʃ mainly in words of french origin for some dialects of english it may also represent x in words like loch while other speakers pronounce the final sound as k the trigraph tch always represents tʃ the digraph ck is often used to represent the sound k after short vowels like in wicket c is the twelfth most frequently used letter in the english language after e t a o i n s h r d and l with a frequency of about 2 8 in words other languages in the romance languages french spanish italian romanian catalan and portuguese c generally has a hard value of k and a soft value whose pronunciation varies by language in french portuguese catalan and spanish from latin america and some places in spain the soft c value is s as it is in english in the spanish spoken in most of spain the soft c is a voiceless dental fricative θ in italian and romanian the soft c is t͡ʃ germanic languages usually use c for romance loans or digraphs such as ch and ck but the rules vary across languages of all the germanic languages only english uses the initial c in native germanic words like come other than english dutch uses c the most for most romance loans and the digraph ch german uses c in the digraphs ch and ck and the trigraph sch but by itself only in unassimilated loanwords and proper names danish keeps soft c in romance words but changes hard c to k swedish has the same rules for soft and hard c as danish and also uses c in the digraph ck and the very common word och and norwegian afrikaans and icelandic are the most restrictive replacing all cases of c with k or s and reserving c for unassimilated loanwords and names all balto slavic languages that use the latin alphabet as well as albanian hungarian pashto several sami languages esperanto ido interlingua and americanist phonetic notation and those aboriginal languages of north america whose practical orthography derives from it use c to represent t͡s the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate in hanyu pinyin the standard romanization of mandarin chinese the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound t͡s h among non european languages that have adopted the latin alphabet c represents a variety of sounds yup ik indonesian malay and a number of african languages such as hausa fula and manding share the soft italian value of t͡ʃ in azeri crimean tatar kurmanji kurdish and turkish c stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound the voiced postalveolar affricate d͡ʒ in yabem and similar languages such as bukawa c stands for a glottal stop ʔ xhosa and zulu use this letter to represent the click ǀ in some other african languages such as berber languages c is used for ʃ in fijian c stands for a voiced dental fricative ð while in somali it has the value of ʕ the letter c is also used as a transliteration of cyrillic ц in the latin forms of serbian macedonian and sometimes ukrainian along with the digraph ts other systems as a phonetic symbol lowercase c is the international phonetic alphabet ipa and x sampa symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive and capital c is the x sampa symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative digraphs there are several common digraphs with c the most common being ch which in some languages such as german is far more common than c alone ch takes various values in other languages as in english ck with the value k is often used after short vowels in other germanic languages such as german and swedish other germanic languages such as dutch and norwegian use kk instead the digraph cz is found in polish and cs in hungarian representing t͡ʂ and t͡ʃ respectively the digraph sc represents ʃ in old english italian and a few languages related to italian where this only happens before front vowels while otherwise it represents sk the trigraph sch represents ʃ in german other uses main article c disambiguation in the hexadecimal base 16 numbering system c is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in decimal base 10 counting in the roman numeral system c represents 100 unit prefix c meaning one hundredth related characters ancestors descendants and siblings a curled c in the coat of arms of porvoo 𐤂 semitic letter gimel from which the following symbols originally derive γ γ greek letter gamma from which c derives g g latin letter g which is derived from latin c ȝ ȝ latin letter yogh which is derived from latin g phonetic alphabet symbols related to c ɕ small c with curl ʗ stretched c stretched c with curl used by douglas beach for a nasal click in his phonetic description of khoekhoe 7 small letter c with retroflex hook para ipa version of the ipa retroflex tʂ 8 modifier letter capital c used to mark tone for the chatino orthography in oaxaca mexico used as a generic transcription for a falling tone also used in para ipa notation 9 ᶜ modifier letter small c 10 ᶝ modifier letter small c with curl 10 ᴄ small capital c is used in the uralic phonetic alphabet 11 ꞔ c with palatal hook used for writing mandarin chinese using the early draft version of pinyin romanization during the mid 1950s 12 c with diacritics ć ć ĉ ĉ č č ċ ċ ḉ ḉ ƈ ƈ c̈ c̈ ȼ ȼ ç ç ꞔ ꞓ ꞓ ↄ ↄ claudian letters 13 derived ligatures abbreviations signs and symbols copyright symbol c degree celsius cent colón currency brazilian cruzeiro currency ghana cedi currency european currency unit ce c displaystyle mathbb c blackboard bold c denoting the complex numbers ℭ blackletter c ꜿ ꜿ medieval abbreviation for latin syllables con and com and portuguese us and os 14 other representations computing the latin letters c and c have unicode encodings u 0043 c latin capital letter c and u 0063 c latin small letter c these are the same code points as those used in ascii and iso 8859 there are also precomposed character encodings for c and c with diacritics for most of those listed above the remainder are produced using combining diacritics variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science voiceless palatal sounds in linguistics and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy cjk font compatibility the cyrillic homoglyph of the latin c has a separate encoding u 0421 с cyrillic capital letter es other nato phonetic morse code charlie parsoidfragment 64 ⓘ signal flag flag semaphore american manual alphabet asl fingerspelling br...