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came involved in 1990 44 45 46 in 1995 berners lee and cailliau were jointly honoured by the association for computing machinery for their contributions to the development of the world wide web 47 a copy of the first webpage created by berners lee is still published on the world wide web consortium s website as a historical document 48 the first website was activated in 1991 on 30 april 1993 cern announced that the world wide web would be free to anyone 49 it became the dominant way through which most users interact with the internet 50 51 more recently cern has become a facility for the development of grid computing hosting projects including the enabling grids for e science egee and lhc computing grid it also hosts the cern internet exchange point cixp one of the two main internet exchange points in switzerland as of 2022 update cern employs ten times more engineers and technicians than research physicists 52 particle accelerators current complex cern complex current particle and nuclear facilities lhc accelerates protons and heavy ions leir accelerates ions sps accelerates protons and ions psb accelerates protons ps accelerates protons or ions linac 3 injects heavy ions into leir linac4 accelerates ions ad decelerates antiprotons elena decelerates antiprotons isolde produces radioactive ion beams medicis produces isotopes for medical purposes a map of the large hadron collider together with the super proton synchrotron at cern cern operates a network of seven accelerators and two decelerators and some additional small accelerators each machine in the chain increases the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or to the next more powerful accelerator the decelerators naturally decrease the energy of particle beams before delivering them to experiments or further accelerators decelerators before an experiment is able to use the network of accelerators it must be approved by the various scientific committees of cern 53 currently as of 2026 active machines are the linac 3 linear accelerator generating low energy particles it provides heavy ions at 4 2 mev da for injection into the low energy ion ring leir 54 the low energy ion ring leir accelerates the ions from the ion linear accelerator linac 3 before transferring them to the proton synchrotron ps this accelerator was commissioned in 2005 after having been reconfigured from the previous low energy antiproton ring lear 55 56 the linac4 linear accelerator accelerates negative hydrogen ions to an energy of 160 mev the ions are then injected to the proton synchrotron booster psb where both electrons are then stripped from each of the hydrogen ions and thus only the nucleus containing one proton remains the protons are then used in experiments or accelerated further in other cern accelerators linac4 serves as the source of all proton beams for cern experiments 57 the proton synchrotron booster increases the energy of particles generated by the proton linear accelerator before they are transferred to the other accelerators 58 the 28 gev proton synchrotron ps built during 1954 1959 and still operating as a feeder to the more powerful sps and to many of cern s experiments 59 the super proton synchrotron sps a circular accelerator with a diameter of 2 kilometres built in a tunnel which started operation in 1976 it was designed to deliver an energy of 300 gev and was gradually upgraded to 450 gev as well as having its own beamlines for fixed target experiments currently compass and na62 it has been operated as a proton antiproton collider the sp p s collider and for accelerating high energy electrons and positrons which were injected into the large electron positron collider lep since 2008 it has been used to inject protons and heavy ions into the large hadron collider lhc 60 61 62 the on line isotope mass separator isolde which is used to study unstable nuclei the radioactive ions are produced by the impact of protons at an energy of 1 0 1 4 gev from the proton synchrotron booster it was first commissioned in 1967 and was rebuilt with major upgrades in 1974 and 1992 63 the antiproton decelerator ad which reduces the velocity of antiprotons to about 10 of the speed of light for research of antimatter 64 the ad machine was reconfigured from the previous antiproton collector ac machine 65 the extra low energy antiproton ring elena which takes antiprotons from ad and decelerates them into low energies speeds for use in antimatter experiments the awake experiment which is a proof of principle plasma wakefield accelerator 66 67 the cern linear electron accelerator for research clear accelerator research and development facility 68 69 large hadron collider main article large hadron collider many activities at cern currently involve operating the large hadron collider lhc and the experiments for it the lhc represents a large scale worldwide scientific cooperation project 70 cms detector for lhc the lhc tunnel is located 100 metres underground in the region between geneva international airport and the nearby jura mountains the majority of its length is on the french side of the border it uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by the large electron positron collider lep which was shut down in november 2000 cern s existing ps sps accelerator complexes are used to pre accelerate protons and lead ions which are then injected into the lhc eight experiments cms 71 atlas 72 lhcb 73 moedal 74 totem 75 lhcf 76 faser 77 and alice 78 are located along the collider each of them studies particle collisions from a different aspect and with different technologies construction for these experiments required an extraordinary engineering effort for example a special crane was rented from belgium to lower pieces of the cms detector into its cavern since each piece weighed nearly 2000 tons the first of the approximately 5000 magnets necessary for construction was lowered down a special shaft at in march 2005 the lhc has begun to generate vast quantities of data which cern streams to laboratories around the world for distributed processing making use of a specialized grid infrastructure the lhc computing grid in april 2005 a trial successfully streamed 600 mb s to seven different sites across the world in august 2008 the initial particle beams were injected into the lhc 79 the first beam was circulated through the entire lhc on 10 september 2008 80 but the system failed 10 days later because of a faulty magnet connection and it was stopped for repairs on 19 september 2008 the lhc resumed operation on 20 november 2009 by successfully circulating two beams each with an energy of 3 5 teraelectronvolts tev the challenge for the engineers was then to line up the two beams so that they smashed into each other this is like firing two needles across the atlantic and getting them to hit each other according to stephen myers director for accelerators and technology on 30 march 2010 the lhc successfully collided two proton beams with 3 5 tev of energy per proton resulting in a 7 tev collision energy this was enough to start the main research program including the search for the higgs boson when the 7 tev experimental period ended the lhc increased to 8 tev 4 tev per proton starting march 2012 and soon began particle collisions at that energy in july 2012 cern scientists announced the discovery of a new sub atomic particle that was later confirmed to be the higgs boson 81 in march 2013 cern announced that the measurements performed on the newly found particle allowed it to conclude that it was a higgs boson 82 in early 2013 the lhc was deactivated for a two year maintenance period to strengthen the electrical connections between magnets inside the accelerator and for other upgrades on 5 april 2015 after two years of maintenance and consolidation the lhc restarted for a second run the first ramp to the record breaking energy of 6 5 tev was performed on 10 april 2015 83 84 in 2016 the design collision rate was exceeded for the first time 85 a second two year period of shutdown begun at the end of 2018 86 87 following its final run on june 14 2026 88 the accelerator was switched off to begin cern s long shutdown 3 ls3 89 this programme will focus on maintenance and upgrades in preparation for the laboratory for the high luminosity large hadron collider hl lhc which is scheduled to be operational by the mid 2030s 90 accelerators under construction as of october 2019 the construction is on going to upgrade the lhc s luminosity in a project called high luminosity lhc hl lhc this project should see the lhc accelerator upgraded by 2026 to an order of magnitude higher luminosity 91 as part of the hl lhc upgrade project also other cern accelerators and their subsystems are receiving upgrades among other work the linac 2 linear accelerator injector was decommissioned and replaced by a new injector accelerator the linac4 92 decommissioned accelerators the original linear accelerator linac 1 operated 1959 1992 93 the linac 2 linear accelerator injector accelerated protons to 50 mev for injection into the proton synchrotron booster psb operated 1978 2018 94 the 600 mev synchro cyclotron sc which started operation in 1957 and was shut down in 1991 was made into a public exhibition in 2012 2013 95 96 the intersecting storage rings isr an early collider built from 1966 to 1971 and operated until 1984 97 98 the super proton antiproton synchrotron sp p s operated 1981 1991 99 a modification of super proton synchrotron sps to operate as a proton antiproton collider the large electron positron collider lep which operated 1989 2000 and was the largest machine of its kind housed in a 27 km long circular tunnel which now houses the large hadron collider 100 101 the lep pre injector lpi accelerator complex 102 consisting of two accelerators a linear accelerator called lep injector linac lil itself consisting of two back to back linear accelerators called lil v and lil w and a circular accelerator called electron positron accumulator epa 103 the purpose of these accelerators was to inject positron and electron beams into the cern accelerator complex more precisely to the proton synchrotron to be delivered to lep after many stages of acceleration operational 1987 2001 after the shutdown of lep and the completion of experiments that were directly fed by the lpi the lpi facility was adapted to be used for the clic test facility 3 ctf3 104 the low energy antiproton ring lear was commissioned in 1982 lear assembled the first pieces of true antimatter in 1995 consisting of nine atoms of antihydrogen 105 it was closed in 1996 and superseded by the antiproton decelerator the lear apparatus itself was reconfigured into the low energy ion ring leir ion booster 55 the antiproton accumulator aa built 1979 1980 operations ended in 1997 and the machine was dismantled stored antiprotons produced by the proton synchrotron ps for use in other experiments and accelerators for example the isr sp p s and lear for later half of its working life operated in tandem with antiproton collector ac to form the antiproton accumulation complex aac 106 the antiproton collector ac 107 108 built 1986 1987 operations ended in 1997 and the machine was converted into the antiproton decelerator ad which is the successor machine for low energy antiproton ring lear operated in tandem with antiproton accumulator aa and the pair formed the antiproton accumulation complex aac 106 whose purpose was to store antiprotons produced by the proton synchrotron ps for use in other experiments and accelerators like the low energy antiproton ring lear and super proton antiproton synchrotron sp p s the compact linear collider test facility 3 ctf3 which studied feasibility for the future normal conducting linear collider project the clic collider in operation 2001 2016 104 one of its beamlines has been converted from 2017 on into the new cern linear electron accelerator for research clear facility possible future accelerators main article future circular collider cern in collaboration with groups worldwide is investigating two main concepts for future accelerators a linear electron positron collider with a new acceleration concept to increase the energy clic and a larger version of the lhc a project currently named future circular collider 109 sites this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed december 2023 learn how and when to remove this message the smaller accelerators are on the main meyrin site also known as the west area which was originally built in switzerland alongside the french border but has been extended to span the border since 1965 the french side is under swiss jurisdiction and there is no obvious border within the site apart from a line of marker stones the sps and lep lhc tunnels are almost entirely outside the main site and are mostly buried under french farmland and invisible from the surface they have surface sites at points around them either as the location of buildings associated with experiments or other facilities needed to operate the colliders such as cryogenic plants and access shafts the experiments are located at the same underground level as the tunnels at these sites three of these experimental sites are in france with atlas in switzerland and some of the ancillary cryogenic and access sites are in switzerland the largest of the experimental sites is the prévessin site also known as the north area which is the target station for non collider experiments on the sps accelerator other sites are the ones which were used for the ua1 ua2 and the lep experiments the latter are used by lhc experiments outside of the lep and lhc experiments most are officially named and numbered after the site where they were located for example na32 was an experiment looking at the production of so called charmed particles and located at the prévessin north area site wa22 used the big european bubble chamber bebc at the meyrin west area site to examine neutrino interactions the ua1 and ua2 experiments were considered to be in the underground area i e situated underground at sites on the sps accelerator most of the roads on the cern meyrin and prévessin sites are named after famous physicists such as niels bohr who pushed for cern s creation other notable names are richard feynman albert einstein and wolfgang pauli cern building 40 at the meyrin site interior view of building 40 home to offices for scientists working on the cms and atlas collaborations cern data centre antimatter factory elena antimatter generator participation and funding member states and budget since its foundation by 12 members in 1954 cern regularly accepted new members all new members have remained in the organization continuously since their accession except spain and yugoslavia spain first joined cern in 1961 withdrew in 1969 and rejoined in 198...