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ccount log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 overview 2 ceasefire types 3 historical examples toggle historical examples subsection 3 1 world war i 3 2 karachi agreement 3 3 korean war 3 4 vietnam war 3 5 persian gulf war 3 6 kashmir conflict 3 7 northern ireland 3 8 israeli palestinian conflict 3 9 syrian civil war 3 10 russo ukrainian war 3 11 2020 global ceasefire 3 12 2024 israel hezbollah ceasefire 3 13 2025 israel hamas ceasefire 4 see also 5 references 6 further reading 7 external links toggle the table of contents ceasefire 59 languages العربية الدارجة asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه betawi brezhoneg català کوردی čeština cymraeg deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 kurdî latina lombard монгол bahasa melayu नेपाली occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski português română русский scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english shqip српски srpski sunda kiswahili ไทย türkçe українська vèneto tiếng việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia temporary agreement to stop a war truce redirects here for other uses see truce disambiguation for other uses see ceasefire disambiguation a truce not a compromise but a chance for high toned gentlemen to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of war by thomas nast in harper s weekly february 17 1877 p 132 a ceasefire also known as a truce 1 also spelled cease fire the antonym of open fire 2 is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by a third party 3 4 ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non state actors 1 unlike declarations of a cessation of hostilities or a truce a cease fire is generally meant to be binding like a cessation of hostilities or truce it is only temporary in nature but is generally expected to last for a longer period of time unlike a truce a humanitarian pause or a cessation of hostilities the declaration of a cease fire often applies to the entire geographical area of a conflict according to the un 5 ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces 2 they may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by united nations security council resolutions via chapter vii of the united nations charter 2 a ceasefire can be temporary with an intended end date or may be intended to last indefinitely a ceasefire is distinct from an armistice in that the armistice is a formal end to a war whereas a ceasefire may be a temporary stoppage 6 the immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary ceasefires may be intended to meet short term limited needs such as providing humanitarian aid manage a conflict to make it less devastating or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute 1 an actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict for example by re arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary which creates bargaining problems that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented 3 1 7 8 the durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors such as demilitarized zones withdrawal of troops and third party guarantees such as monitoring or peacekeeping ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack reduce uncertainty about the adversary s intentions and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict 3 overview edit ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs 9 scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other when actors can make credible commitments and when the domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment 10 by one estimate there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989 2020 1 ceasefire types edit researchers govinda clayton and valerie sticher classified civil war ceasefire agreements into three types with successively broader peace agreements and higher trust levels a cessation of hostilities agreement that can be implemented quickly while detailed peace negotiations are still unrealistic and trust levels are low a preliminary ceasefire agreement in which the motivations for the parties to stop the conflict are stronger and negotiations are ongoing but trust remains low a definitive ceasefire agreement in which the ceasefire is part of a broad peace agreement typically including disarmament demobilization and reintegration procedures 11 clayton and sticher found based on ceasefire data for civil wars from 1990 to 2019 that the periods without violence following a ceasefire were successively longer for cessations of hostilities preliminary ceasefires and definitive ceasefires within three months of the ceasefire initiation 30 percent of cessations of hostility 50 percent of preliminary ceasefires and 70 percent of definitive ceasefires still had no conflict related deaths 11 historical examples edit historically the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the middle ages when it was known as a truce of god 12 world war i edit main article christmas truce during world war i on december 24 1914 there was an unofficial ceasefire on the western front as france the united kingdom and germany observed christmas there are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to christmas and that british and german troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches 13 the ceasefire was brief but spontaneous beginning when german soldiers lit christmas trees it quickly spread up and down the western front 14 one account described the development in the following words it was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front the sharing and fraternity all was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities 15 there was no peace treaty signed during the christmas truce and the war resumed after a few days british and german officers after arranging the german handover of the bergen belsen concentration camp and the surrounding area negotiated during a temporary truce april 1945 karachi agreement edit main article karachi agreement the karachi agreement of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of india and pakistan supervised by the united nations commission for india and pakistan establishing a cease fire line in kashmir following the indo pakistani war of 1947 16 korean war edit on november 29 1952 the us president elect dwight d eisenhower went to korea to see how to end the korean war with the un s acceptance of india s proposed armistice the ceasefire between the un command on the one side and the korean people s army kpa and the people s volunteer army pva on the other took hold at approximately the 38th parallel north these parties signed the korean armistice agreement on july 27 1953 17 18 but south korean president syngman rhee who attacked the ceasefire proceedings did not 19 upon agreeing to the ceasefire which called upon the governments of south korea the united states north korea and china to participate in continued peace talks the principal belligerents of the war established the korean demilitarized zone dmz and it has since been patrolled by the joint republic of korea army us and un command on the one side and the kpa on the other the war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still is no peace treaty vietnam war edit on new years day 1968 pope paul vi convinced south vietnam and the united states to declare a 24 hour truce however the viet cong and north vietnam did not adhere to the truce and ambushed the 2nd battalion republic of vietnam marine division 10 minutes after midnight in mỹ tho the viet cong would also attack a u s army fire support base near saigon causing more casualties 20 on january 15 1973 us president richard nixon ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in north vietnam the decision came after henry kissinger the national security advisor to the president returned to washington d c from paris france with a draft peace proposal combat missions continued in south vietnam by january 27 1973 all parties of the vietnam war signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the paris peace accord persian gulf war edit after iraq was driven out of kuwait by us led coalition forces during operation desert storm iraq and the un security council signed a ceasefire agreement on march 3 1991 21 subsequently throughout the 1990s the u n security council passed numerous resolutions calling for iraq to disarm its weapons of mass destruction unconditionally and immediately because no peace treaty was signed after the gulf war the war still remained in effect including an alleged assassination attempt of former us president george h w bush by iraqi agents while on a visit to kuwait citation needed iraq being bombed in june 1993 as a response iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the iraqi no fly zones us president bill clinton s bombing of baghdad in 1998 during operation desert fox and an earlier 1996 bombing of iraq by the us during operation desert strike the war remained in effect until 2003 when us and uk forces invaded iraq and toppled saddam hussein s regime from power kashmir conflict edit main articles indo pakistani war of 1947 1948 and un mediation of the kashmir dispute a un mediated ceasefire was agreed between india and pakistan on 1 january 1949 ending the indo pakistani war of 1947 also called the 1947 kashmir war fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in kashmir in october 1947 with india intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of kashmir who had joined india and pakistan supporting the rebels the fighting was limited to kashmir but apprehensive that it might develop into a full scale international war india referred the matter to the un security council under article 35 of the un charter which addresses situations likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace the security council set up the dedicated united nations commission for india and pakistan which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued after several un resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a plebiscite a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of december 1948 which came into effect in the new year the security council set up the united nations military observer group for india and pakistan unmogip to monitor the ceasefire line 22 india declared a ceasefire in kashmir valley during ramadan in 2018 citation needed northern ireland edit the irish republican army held several christmas ceasefires usually referred to as truces during the northern ireland conflict 23 24 israeli palestinian conflict edit main article 2023 gaza war ceasefire christmas eve ceasefire vigil at the white house in washington d c on 24 december 2023 an example of a ceasefire in the israeli palestinian conflict was announced between israel and the palestinian national authority on february 8 2005 when announced chief palestinian negotiator saeb erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows we have agreed that today president mahmoud abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against israelis anywhere and prime minister ariel sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against palestinians anywhere 25 on november 21 2023 qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between israel and hamas would pause gaza war allow for the release of some hostages and bring more aid to palestinian civilians as part of the deal 50 hostages held by hamas were released while israel released 150 palestinian prisoners 26 syrian civil war edit main article syrian peace process several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the syrian civil war 27 28 29 russo ukrainian war edit main article peace negotiations in the russian invasion of ukraine several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the russian invasion of ukraine 30 31 32 in may 2023 donald trump told the uk s gb news that as us president he would end the war within 24 hours given that he had good relationships with the leaders of ukraine and russia he added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war 33 2026 russo ukrainian truce on 11 april 2026 at 13 00 utc a 32 hour truce began for orthodox easter between the russian federation and the republic of ukraine 2020 global ceasefire edit main article global ceasefire the 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by united nations secretary general antónio manuel de oliveira guterres on march 23 for a global ceasefire as part of the united nations response to the covid 19 coronavirus pandemic on 24 june 2020 170 un member states and observers signed a non binding statement in support of the appeal rising to 172 on 25 june 2020 and on 1 july 2020 the un security council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days 34 35 2024 israel hezbollah ceasefire edit main article israel hezbollah conflict 2023 present the 2024 israel hezbollah ceasefire was announced by united states president joe biden on november 26 2024 36 2025 israel hamas ceasefire edit further information timeline of the gaza war 20 august 2025 present the adoption of an israel hamas ceasefire was announced by united states president donald trump on october 9 2025 and went into effect on october 10 37 38 see also edit 2020 nagorno karabakh ceasefire agreement armistice de escalation demilitarized zone olympic truce korean armistice agreement peacebuilding peacemaking peace process peace treaty surrender military references edit 1 2 3 4 5 clayton govinda nygård håvard mokleiv rustad siri aas strand håvard 2023 ceasefires in civil conflict a research agenda journal of conflict resolution 67 7 8 1279 1295 doi 10 1177 0022002722112830...