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orea north macedonia pakistan philippines taiwan turkey related topics classical radicalism common good communitarianism consul criticism of monarchy egalitarianism the emperor s new clothes jacobinism liberalism list of monarchy referendums list of republics monarchism peasant republic primus inter pares republic without republicans republican empire republican party politics portal v t e see also arete moral virtue and virtus virtue in the classical culture of europe and those places that follow its political tradition concern for civic virtue starts with the oldest republics of which we have extensive records athens and rome attempting to define the virtues needed to successfully govern the athenian polis was a matter of significant concern for socrates and plato a difference in civic vision ultimately was one of the factors that led to the trial of socrates and his conflict with the athenian democracy the politics of aristotle viewed citizenship as consisting not of political rights but rather of political duties citizens were expected to put their private lives and interests aside and serve the state in accordance with duties defined by law rome even more than greece produced a number of moralistic philosophers such as cicero and moralistic historians such as tacitus sallust plutarch and livy many of these figures were either personally involved in power struggles that took place in the late roman republic or wrote elegies to liberty which was lost during their transition to the roman empire they tended to blame this loss of liberty on the perceived lack of civic virtue in their contemporaries contrasting them with idealistic examples of virtue drawn from roman history and even non roman barbarians during the medieval age and the renaissance edit texts of antiquity became very popular by the renaissance scholars tried to gather as many of them as they could find especially in monasteries from constantinople and from the muslim world aided by the rediscovery of the virtue ethics and metaphysics of aristotle by avicenna and averroes thomas aquinas fused aristotle s cardinal virtues with christianity in his summa theologica 1273 humanists wanted to reinstate the ancient ideal of civic virtue through education instead of punishing sinners it was believed that sin could be prevented by raising virtuous children living in the city became important for the elite because people in the city are forced to behave themselves when communicating with others a problem was that the proletarianization of peasants created an environment in cities where such workers were hard to control cities tried to keep the proletarians out or tried to civilize them by forcing them to work in poor houses important aspects of civic virtue were civic conversation listening to others trying to reach an agreement keeping yourself informed so you can have a relevant contribution civilized behavior decent clothing accent containing feelings and needs work people had to make a useful contribution to the society religion changed it became more focused on individual behavior instead of a communion of people the people who believed in civic virtue belonged to a small majority surrounded by barbarity parental authority was popular especially the authority of the monarch and the state 1 improper synthesis during the enlightenment edit civic virtue was very popular during the enlightenment but it had changed dramatically parental authority began to wane freedom became popular but people can only be free by containing their emotions in order to keep some space for others trying to keep proletarians out or putting them in a poor house was not done anymore the focus was now on educating work was an important virtue during the middle ages and the renaissance but the people who worked were treated with contempt by the non working elite the 18th century brought an end to this the advancing rich merchants class emphasized the importance of work and contributing to society for all people including the elite science was popular the government and the elites tried to change the world and humanity positively by expanding the bureaucracy leading thinkers thought that education and the breach of barriers would liberate everybody from stupidity and oppression civic conversations were held in societies and scientific journals 2 in the republican revolutions of the 18th century edit civic virtue also became a matter of public interest and discussion during the 18th century in part because of the american revolutionary war an anecdote first published in 1906 has benjamin franklin answer a woman who asked him well doctor what have we got a republic or a monarchy he responded a republic if you can keep it 3 the current use for this quotation is to bolster with franklin s authority the opinion that republics require the cultivation of specific political beliefs interests and habits among their citizens and that if those habits are not cultivated they are in danger of falling back into some sort of authoritarian rule such as a monarchy american historian gordon s wood called it a universal 18th century assumption that while no form of government was more beautiful than a republic monarchies had various advantages the pomp and circumstances surrounding them cultivated a sense that the rulers were in fact superior to the ruled and entitled to their obedience and maintained order by their presence by contrast in a republic the rulers were the servants of the public and there could therefore be no sustained coercion from them laws had to be obeyed for the sake of conscience rather than fear of the ruler s wrath in a monarchy people might be restrained by force to submit their own interest to their government s in a republic by contrast people must be persuaded to submit their own interests to the government and this voluntary submission constituted the 18th century s notion of civic virtue in the absence of such persuasion the authority of the government would collapse and tyranny or anarchy were imminent authority for this ideal was found once more among the classical and especially the roman political authors and historians but since the roman writers wrote during a time when the roman republican ideal was fading away its forms but not its spirit or substance being preserved in the roman empire the 18th century american and french revolutionaries read them with a spirit to determine how the roman republic failed and how to avoid repeating that failure in his reflections on the rise and fall of the antient republicks the english whig historian edward wortley montagu sought to describe the principal causes of that degeneracy of manners which reduc d those once brave and free people into the most abject slavery following this reading of roman ideals the american revolutionary charles lee envisioned a spartan egalitarian society where every man was a soldier and master of his own land and where people were instructed from early infancy to deem themselves property of the state and were ever ready to sacrifice their concerns to her interests the agrarianism of thomas jefferson represents a similar belief system jefferson believed that the ideal republic was composed of independent rural agriculturalists rather than urban tradesmen civic virtue 1919 these widely held ideals led american revolutionaries to found institutions such as the society of the cincinnati named after the roman farmer and dictator lucius quinctius cincinnatus who according to livy left his farm to lead the army of the roman republic during a crisis and voluntarily returned to his plow once the crisis had passed about cincinnatus livy writes operae pretium est audire qui omnia prae diuitiis humana spernunt neque honori magno locum neque uirtuti putant esse nisi ubi effuse afluant opes it is worthwhile for those who disdain all human things for money and who suppose that there is no room either for great honor or virtue except where wealth is found to listen to his story livy ab urbe condita book iii 19th to mid 20th century edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2008 learn how and when to remove this message civic virtues were especially important during the 19th and 20th century according to whom class and profession greatly affected the virtues of the individual and there was a general division about what the best civic virtues were additionally several major ideologies came into being each with their own ideas about civic virtues conservatism emphasized family values and obedience to the father and the state nationalism carried by masses of people made patriotism an important civic virtue liberalism combined republicanism with a belief in progress and liberalization based on capitalism civic virtues focused on individual behavior and responsibility were very important many liberals turned into socialists or conservatives in the end of the 19th century and early 20th century according to whom others became social liberals valuing capitalism with a strong government to protect the poor a focus on agriculture and landed nobility was supplanted by a focus on industry and civil society in later times edit the cover of an eclectic first reader book a number of institutions and organizations promote the idea of civic virtue in the older democracies among such organizations are the boy scouts of america and civil air patrol whose u s oath cadet oath and cadet honor code reflect a goal to foster habits aimed at serving a larger community boy scouts of america scout oath on my honor i will do my best to do my duty to god and my country and to obey the scout law to help other people at all times to keep myself physically strong mentally awake and morally straight boy scouts of america scout law a scout is trustworthy loyal helpful friendly courteous kind obedient cheerful thrifty brave clean and reverent cadet oath i pledge that i will serve faithfully in the civil air patrol cadet program and that i will attend meetings regularly participate actively in unit activities obey my officers wear my uniform properly and advance my education and training rapidly to prepare myself to be of service to my community state and nation air force academy cadet honor code we will not lie steal or cheat nor tolerate among us anyone who does furthermore i resolve to do my duty and live honorably so help me god institutions that might be said to encourage civic virtue include the school particularly with social studies courses and the prison namely in its rehabilitative function other later phenomena associated with the concept of civic virtue include mcguffey s eclectic readers a series of primary school textbooks whose compiler william holmes mcguffey deliberately sought out patriotic and religious sentiments to instill these values in the children who read them william bennett a reagan administration cabinet member turned conservative commentator produced the book of virtues a treasury of great moral stories in 1993 another anthology of literary materials that might be weasel words considered an attempt to update mcguffey s concept comparable ideas in non western societies edit confucianism which specifies cultural virtues and traditions which all members of society are to observe in particular the heads of households and those who govern was the basis of chinese society for more than 2000 years and is still influential in modern china its related concepts can be compared to the western idea of civic virtue related concepts edit friendliness friendliness is a pro social set of behaviors seen in people who are pleasant agreeable interested in others genial empathetic considerate and helpful not all civil behaviors are friendly for example duelling in response to an intolerable insult has been considered a civil behavior in many cultures but it is not a friendly action politeness politeness focuses on the application of good manners or etiquette because politeness is informed by cultural values there is substantial overlap between what is polite and what is civil however if the action in question is not related to civic virtues then it may be polite or rude without strictly being considered civil or incivil social graces the social graces include deportment poise and fashion which are unrelated to civility incivility incivility is a general term for social behavior lacking in civic virtue or good manners on a scale from rudeness or lack of respect for elders to vandalism and hooliganism through public drunkenness and threatening behavior 4 the word incivility is derived from the latin incivilis meaning not of a citizen 5 the distinction between plain rudeness and perceived incivility as threat will depend on some notion of civility as structural to society incivility as anything more ominous than bad manners is therefore dependent on appeal to notions like its antagonism to the complex concepts of civic virtue or civil society it has become a contemporary political issue in a number of countries 6 see also edit look up civility in wiktionary the free dictionary arete civic engagement civic nationalism civic virtue organizational citizenship behavior dimension specific to organizational behavior theory civil disobedience civil religion classical republicanism commonwealth men courtesy england expects that every man will do his duty good citizenship public good republicanism theological virtues virtus footnotes edit hale john 1993 the civilization of europe in the renaissance london isbn 0002153394 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link page needed daniel roche la france des lumières paris 1993 page needed 1593 benjamin franklin 1706 90 respectfully quoted a dictionary of quotations 1989 page needed definition of incivility askoxford archived from the original on march 30 2007 retrieved 2006 11 25 page needed soanes catherine stevenson angus eds 2005 the oxford dictionary of english revised ed oxford university press page needed incivility in political discourse the coming apogee of the moonbat hordes indc journal 2004 10 13 retrieved 2006 11 25 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link page needed bibliography edit hale john 1993 the civilization of europe in the renaissance london isbn 0002153394 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link daniel roche la france des lumières paris 1993 parker harold t the cult of antiquity and the french revolutionaries univ chicago 1937 wood gordon s the creation of the american republic 1776 1787 univ north carolina press 1969 repr horton 1975 isbn 0 393 00644 1 peggy noonan 2008 patriotic grace d stephen l carter integrity authority control databases national united states israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title civic_virtue oldid 1366962151 categories virtue social concepts republicanism concepts in ...