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loud users cloud applications can be multitenant meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud user organization the pricing model for saas applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user 54 so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point it may also be free 55 proponents claim that saas gives a business the potential to reduce it operational costs by outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider this enables the business to reallocate it operations costs away from hardware software spending and from personnel expenses towards meeting other goals in addition with applications hosted centrally updates can be released without the need for users to install new software one drawback of saas comes with storing the users data on the cloud provider s server as a result citation needed there could be unauthorized access to the data 56 examples of applications offered as saas are games and productivity software like google docs and office online saas applications may be integrated with cloud storage or file hosting services which is the case with google docs being integrated with google drive and office online being integrated with onedrive 57 serverless computing main article serverless computing serverless computing allows customers to use various cloud capabilities without the need to provision deploy or manage hardware or software resources apart from providing their application code or data iso iec 22123 2 2023 classifies serverless alongside infrastructure as a service iaas platform as a service paas and software as a service saas under the broader category of cloud service categories notably while iso refers to these classifications as cloud service categories the national institute of standards and technology nist refers to them as service models 3 4 deployment models cloud computing types a cloud deployment model represents the way in which cloud computing can be organized based on the control and sharing of physical or virtual resources 4 cloud deployment models define the fundamental patterns of interaction between cloud customers and cloud providers they do not detail implementation specifics or the configuration of resources 4 private private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization whether managed internally or by a third party and hosted either internally or externally 3 undertaking a private cloud project requires significant engagement to virtualize the business environment and requires the organization to reevaluate decisions about existing resources it can improve business but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities self run data centers 58 are generally capital intensive they have a significant physical footprint requiring allocations of space hardware and environmental controls these assets have to be refreshed periodically resulting in additional capital expenditures they have attracted criticism because users still have to buy build and manage them and thus do not benefit from less hands on management 59 essentially lacking the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept 60 61 public for a comparison of cloud computing software and providers see cloud computing comparison cloud services are considered public when they are delivered over the public internet and they may be offered as a paid subscription or free of charge 62 architecturally there are few differences between public and private cloud services but security concerns increase substantially when services applications storage and other resources are shared by multiple customers most public cloud providers offer direct connection services that allow customers to securely link their legacy data centers to their cloud resident applications 63 64 several factors like the functionality of the solutions cost integrational and organizational aspects as well as safety security are influencing the decision of enterprises and organizations to choose a public cloud or on premises solution 65 hybrid see also hybrid cloud storage hybrid cloud is a composition of a public cloud and a private environment such as a private cloud or on premises resources 66 67 that remain distinct entities but are bound together offering the benefits of multiple deployment models hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect collocation managed or dedicated services with cloud resources 3 gartner defines a hybrid cloud service as a cloud computing service that is composed of some combination of private public and community cloud services from different service providers 68 a hybrid cloud service crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it cannot be simply put in one category of private public or community cloud service it allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service by aggregation integration or customization with another cloud service varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist for example an organization may store sensitive client data in house on a private cloud application but interconnect that application to a business intelligence application provided on a public cloud as a software service 69 this example of hybrid cloud extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services hybrid cloud adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and compliance requirements level of control needed over data and the applications an organization uses 70 another example of hybrid cloud is one where it organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud 71 this capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds 3 cloud bursting is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and bursts to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases a primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organization pays for extra compute resources only when they are needed 72 cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in house it infrastructure that supports average workloads and use cloud resources from public or private clouds during spikes in processing demands 73 community community cloud shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns security compliance jurisdiction etc whether it is managed internally or by a third party and hosted internally or externally the costs are distributed among fewer users compared to a public cloud but more than a private cloud as a result only a portion of the potential cost savings of cloud computing is achieved 3 multi cloud main article multicloud according to iso iec 22123 1 multi cloud is a cloud deployment model in which a customer uses public cloud services provided by two or more cloud service providers 74 poly cloud refers to the use of multiple public clouds for the purpose of leveraging specific services that each provider offers it differs from multi cloud in that it is not designed to increase flexibility or mitigate against failures but is rather used to allow an organization to achieve more than could be done with a single provider 75 market according to recent market research estimates the global cloud computing market was approximately us 1 0 1 2 trillion in 2026 76 according to international data corporation global public cloud services spending is forecast to surpass us 1 trillion in 2026 77 according to gartner worldwide public cloud services spending is forecast to reach us 1 03 trillion in 2026 78 market research forecasts indicate that the global cloud computing market could grow substantially over the following decade with estimates for 2035 ranging from approximately us 3 59 trillion to us 6 trillion 79 the european commission s 2012 communication identified several issues which were impeding the development of the cloud computing market 80 section 3 fragmentation of the digital single market across the eu concerns about contracts including reservations about data access and ownership data portability and change control variations in standards applicable to cloud computing the communication set out a series of digital agenda actions which the commission proposed to undertake in order to support the development of a fair and effective market for cloud computing services 80 pages 6 14 similar concepts the goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take benefit from all of these technologies without the need for deep knowledge about or expertise with each one of them the cloud aims to cut costs and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being impeded by it obstacles 81 the main enabling technology for cloud computing is virtualization virtualization software separates a physical computing device into one or more virtual devices each of which can be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks with operating system level virtualization essentially creating a scalable system of multiple independent computing devices idle computing resources can be allocated and used more efficiently virtualization provides the agility required to speed up it operations and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure utilization autonomic computing automates the process through which the user can provision resources on demand by minimizing user involvement automation speeds up the process reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human errors 81 cloud computing uses concepts from utility computing to provide metrics for the services used cloud computing attempts to address qos quality of service and reliability problems of other grid computing models 81 cloud computing shares characteristics with client server model client server computing refers broadly to any distributed application that distinguishes between service providers servers and service requestors clients 82 computer bureau a service bureau providing computer services particularly from the 1960s to 1980s grid computing a form of distributed and parallel computing whereby a super and virtual computer is composed of a cluster of networked loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks fog computing distributed computing paradigm that provides data compute storage and application services closer to the client or near user edge devices such as network routers furthermore fog computing handles data at the network level on smart devices and on the end user client side e g mobile devices instead of sending data to a remote location for processing utility computing the packaging of computing resources such as computation and storage as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity 83 84 peer to peer a distributed architecture without the need for central coordination participants are both suppliers and consumers of resources in contrast to the traditional client server model cloud sandbox a live isolated computer environment in which a program code or file can run without affecting the application in which it runs see also block level storage browser based computing category cloud computing providers category cloud platforms cloud computing architecture cloud broker cloud collaboration cloud computing comparison cloud computing security cloud gaming cloud management cloud native computing cloud research cloud robotics cloud storage cloud to cloud integration cloudlet computer cluster cooperative storage cloud decentralized computing desktop virtualization dew computing directory distributed data store distributed database distributed computing distributed networking e science edge computing edge device exchange traded fund file system clustered file system distributed file system distributed file system for cloud fog computing fog robotics green computing environmentally sustainable computing grid computing in memory database in memory processing internet of things iot security device knowledge as a service microservices mobile cloud computing multi access edge computing multisite cloud peer to peer personal cloud private cloud computing infrastructure robot as a service service oriented architecture time sharing ubiquitous computing virtual private cloud notes references iso iec 22123 1 2023 e information technology cloud computing part 1 vocabulary international organization for standardization 2023 what is the cloud microsoft azure retrieved 2025 09 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 mell peter timothy grance september 2011 the nist definition of cloud computing technical report national institute of standards and technology u s department of commerce doi 10 6028 nist sp 800 145 special 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