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raphics to appear noticeably smeared and blurry liquid crystal display edit main articles liquid crystal display and thin film transistor liquid crystal display there are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid crystal displays lcd throughout the 1990s the primary use of lcd technology as computer monitors was in laptops where the lower power consumption lighter weight and smaller physical size of lcds justified the higher price versus a crt commonly the same laptop would be offered with an assortment of display options at increasing price points active or passive monochrome passive color or active matrix color tft as volume and manufacturing capability have improved the monochrome and passive color technologies were dropped from most product lines tft lcd is a variant of lcd which is now the dominant technology used for computer monitors 9 the first standalone lcds appeared in the mid 1990s selling for high prices as prices declined they became more popular and by 1997 were competing with crt monitors among the first desktop lcd computer monitors were the eizo flexscan l66 in the mid 1990s the sgi 1600sw apple studio display and the viewsonic vp140 10 in 1998 in 2003 lcds outsold crts for the first time becoming the primary technology used for computer monitors 8 the physical advantages of lcd over crt monitors are that lcds are lighter smaller and consume less power in terms of performance lcds produce less or no flicker reducing eyestrain 11 sharper image at native resolution and better checkerboard contrast on the other hand crt monitors have superior blacks viewing angles and response time can use arbitrary lower resolutions without aliasing and flicker can be reduced with higher refresh rates 12 though this flicker can also be used to reduce motion blur compared to less flickery displays such as most lcds 13 many specialized fields such as vision science remain dependent on crts the best lcd monitors having achieved moderate temporal accuracy and so can be used only if their poor spatial accuracy is unimportant 14 high dynamic range hdr 12 has been implemented into high end lcd monitors to improve grayscale accuracy since around the late 2000s widescreen lcd monitors have become popular in part due to television series motion pictures and video games transitioning to widescreen which makes squarer monitors unsuited to display them correctly organic light emitting diode edit main article organic light emitting diode organic light emitting diode oled monitors provide most of the benefits of both lcd and crt monitors with few of their drawbacks though much like plasma panels or crts they suffer from burn in and are comparatively more expensive measurements of performance edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed december 2020 learn how and when to remove this message the performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters display geometry viewable image size is usually measured diagonally but the actual widths and heights are more informative since they are not affected by the aspect ratio in the same way for crts the viewable size is typically 1 in 25 mm smaller than the tube itself aspect ratio is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length monitors usually have the aspect ratio 4 3 5 4 16 10 or 16 9 radius of curvature for curved monitors is the radius that a circle would have if it had the same curvature as the display this value is typically given in millimeters but expressed with the letter r instead of a unit for example a display with 3800r curvature has a 3800 mm radius of curvature 15 display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed natively for a given display size maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch or dpi dot pitch represents the distance between the primary elements of the display typically averaged across it in nonuniform displays a related unit is pixel pitch in lcds pixel pitch is the distance between the center of two adjacent pixels in crts pixel pitch is defined as the distance between subpixels of the same color dot pitch is the reciprocal of pixel density pixel density is a measure of how densely packed the pixels on a display are in lcds pixel density is the number of pixels in one linear unit along the display typically measured in pixels per inch px in or ppi color characteristics luminance measured in candelas per square meter cd m 2 also called a nit contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color white to that of the darkest color black that the monitor is capable of producing simultaneously for example a ratio of 20 000 1 means that the brightest shade white is 20 000 times brighter than its darkest shade black dynamic contrast ratio is measured with the lcd backlight turned off ansi contrast is with both black and white simultaneously adjacent onscreen color depth measured in bits per primary color or bits for all colors those with 10 bpc bits per channel or more can display more shades of color approximately 1 billion shades than traditional 8 bpc monitors approximately 16 8 million shades or colors and can do so more precisely without having to resort to dithering gamut measured as a subset of the cie 1931 color space srgb and adobe rgb have different gamuts with adobe rgb able to show a wider range of color than srgb color accuracy measured in δe delta e the lower the δe the more accurate the color representation a δe of below 1 is imperceptible to the human eye a δe of 2 4 is considered good and requires a sensitive eye to spot the difference viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed without subjectively excessive degradation to the image it is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically input speed characteristics refresh rate is in crts the number of times in a second that the display is illuminated the number of times a second a raster scan is completed in lcds it is the number of times the image can be changed per second expressed in hertz hz determines the maximum number of frames per second fps a monitor is capable of showing maximum refresh rate is limited by response time response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to change between two shades the particular shades depend on the test procedure which differs between manufacturers in general lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts such as ghosting grey to grey gtg measured in milliseconds ms input latency is the time it takes for a monitor to display an image after receiving it typically measured in milliseconds ms power consumption is measured in watts size edit main article display size the area height and width of displays with identical diagonal measurements vary dependent on aspect ratio on two dimensional display devices such as computer monitors the display size or viewable image size is the actual amount of screen space that is available to display a picture video or working space without obstruction from the bezel or other aspects of the unit s design the main measurements for display devices are width height total area and the diagonal the size of a display is usually given by manufacturers diagonally i e as the distance between two opposite screen corners this method of measurement is inherited from the method used for the first generation of crt television when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use being circular it was the external diameter of the glass envelope that described their size since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images the diagonal measurement of the rectangular image was smaller than the diameter of the tube s face due to the thickness of the glass this method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4 3 with the introduction of flat panel technology the diagonal measurement became the actual diagonal of the visible display this meant that an eighteen inch lcd had a larger viewable area than an eighteen inch cathode ray tube estimation of monitor size by the distance between opposite corners does not take into account the display aspect ratio so that for example a 16 9 21 inch 53 cm widescreen display has less area than a 21 inch 53 cm 4 3 screen the 4 3 screen has dimensions of 16 8 in 12 6 in 43 cm 32 cm and an area 211 sq in 1 360 cm 2 while the widescreen is 18 3 in 10 3 in 46 cm 26 cm 188 sq in 1 210 cm 2 aspect ratio edit main article display aspect ratio until about 2001 most computer monitors had a 4 3 aspect ratio and some had 5 4 or 8 7 between 2001 and 2006 monitors with 16 9 and mostly 16 10 8 5 aspect ratios became commonly available first in laptops and later also in standalone monitors reasons for this transition included productive uses i e field of view in video games and movie viewing such as the word processor display of two standard letter pages side by side as well as cad displays of large size drawings and application menus at the same time 16 17 in 2008 16 10 became the most common sold aspect ratio for lcd monitors and the same year 16 10 was the mainstream standard for laptops and notebook computers 18 in 2010 the computer industry started to move over from 16 10 to 16 9 because 16 9 was chosen to be the standard high definition television display size and because they were cheaper to manufacture 19 in 2011 non widescreen displays with 4 3 aspect ratios were only being manufactured in small quantities according to samsung this was because the demand for the old square monitors has decreased rapidly over the last couple of years and i predict that by the end of 2011 production on all 4 3 or similar panels will be halted due to a lack of demand 20 resolution edit main article display resolution the resolution for computer monitors has increased over time from 280 192 during the late 1970s to 1024 768 during the late 1990s since 2009 the most commonly sold resolution for computer monitors is 1920 1080 shared with the 1080p of hdtv 21 before 2013 mass market lcd monitors were limited to 2560 1600 at 30 in 76 cm excluding niche professional monitors by 2015 most major display manufacturers had released 3840 2160 4k uhd displays and the first 7680 4320 8k monitors had begun shipping gamut edit main article gamut every rgb monitor has its own color gamut bounded in chromaticity by a color triangle some of these triangles are smaller than the srgb triangle some are larger colors are typically encoded by 8 bits per primary color the rgb value 255 0 0 represents red but slightly different colors in different color spaces such as adobe rgb and srgb displaying srgb encoded data on wide gamut devices can give an unrealistic result 22 the gamut is a property of the monitor the image color space can be forwarded as exif metadata in the picture as long as the monitor gamut is wider than the color space gamut correct display is possible if the monitor is calibrated a picture that uses colors that are outside the srgb color space will display on an srgb color space monitor with limitations 23 still today many monitors that can display the srgb color space are not factory nor user calibrated to display it correctly color management is needed both in electronic publishing via the internet for display in browsers and in desktop publishing targeted to print additional features edit universal features edit lg monitors consumer grade left and professional oriented with screen hood and integrated calibration tool power saving most modern monitors will switch to a power saving mode if no video input signal is received this allows modern operating systems to turn off a monitor after a specified period of inactivity this also extends the monitor s service life some monitors will also switch themselves off after a time period on standby most modern laptops provide a method of screen dimming after periods of inactivity or when the battery is in use this extends battery life and reduces wear indicator light many monitors have a light to indicate to users whether the monitor is powered powered and receiving a video signal or in standby mode different colors or flashing patterns may be used to differentiate the conditions integrated accessories many monitors have other accessories or connections for them integrated this places standard ports within easy reach and eliminates the need for another separate hub camera microphone or set of speakers these monitors have advanced microprocessors which contain codec information windows interface drivers and other small software which help in proper functioning of these functions ultrawide screens main article 21 9 aspect ratio monitors that feature an aspect ratio greater than 2 1 for instance 21 9 or 32 9 as opposed to the more common 16 9 which resolves to 1 7 7 1 monitors with an aspect ratio greater than 3 1 are marketed as super ultrawide monitors these are typically massive curved screens intended to replace a multi monitor deployment touch screen main article touchscreen these monitors use touching of the screen as an input method items can be selected or moved with a finger and finger gestures may be used to convey commands the screen will need frequent cleaning due to image degradation from fingerprints sensors ambient light for automatically adjusting screen brightness and or color temperature infrared camera for biometrics eye and or face recognition eye tracking as user input device as lidar receiver for 3d scanning consumer features edit glossy screen main article glossy display some displays especially newer flat panel monitors replace the traditional anti glare matte finish with a glossy one this increases color saturation and sharpness but reflections from lights and windows are more visible anti reflective coatings are sometimes applied to help reduce reflections although this only partly mitigates the problem curved designs main article curved screen most often using nominally flat panel display technology such as lcd or oled a concave rather than convex curve is imparted reducing geometric distortion especially in extremely large and wide seamless desktop monitors intended for close viewing range 3d main article stereo display see also active shutter 3d system polarized 3d system and autostereoscopy newer monitors are able to display a different image for each eye often with the help of special glasses and polarizers giving the perception of depth an autostereoscopic screen can generate 3d images without headgear professional features edit anti glare and anti reflection screens features for medical using or for outdoor placement directional screen narrow viewing angle screens are used in some security conscious applica...