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ting and designing new features and applications targeting new platforms managing the software development lifecycle design implementation testing and deployment leading a team of programmers communicating with customers managers and other engineers considering system stability and quality and exploring software development methodologies citation needed original research sometimes a software engineer is required to have a degree in software engineering computer engineering or computer science some countries legally require an engineering degree to be called engineer 1 2 3 history edit ada lovelace is considered by many to be the first computer programmer 4 british countess and mathematician ada lovelace is often considered to be the first computer programmer she authored an algorithm for calculating bernoulli numbers on the charles babbage analytical engine which was published in october 1942 4 as the machine was not completed in her lifetime she never experienced the algorithm in action in 1941 german civil engineer konrad zuse was the first person to execute a program on a working program controlled electronic computer 5 from 1943 to 1945 per computer scientist wolfgang k giloi and ai professor raúl rojas et al zuse created the first high level programming language plankalkül 6 7 members of the 1945 eniac programming team of kay mcnulty betty jennings betty snyder marlyn wescoff fran bilas and ruth lichterman have since been credited as the first professional computer programmers 8 9 the software industry edit main article software industry the first company founded specifically to provide software products and services was the computer usage company in 1955 before that time computers were programmed either by customers or the few commercial computer manufacturers of the time such as sperry rand and ibm 10 the software industry expanded in the early 1960s almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass produced quantities universities governments and businesses created a demand for software many of these programs were written in house by full time staff programmers some were distributed between users of a particular machine for no charge while others were sold on a commercial basis other firms such as computer sciences corporation founded in 1959 also started to grow computer manufacturers soon started bundling operating systems system software and programming environments with their machines the ibm 1620 came with the 1620 symbolic programming system and fortran 11 the industry expanded greatly with the rise of the personal computer pc in the mid 1970s which brought computing to the average office worker in the following years the pc also helped create a constantly growing market for games applications and utility software 12 nature of the work edit programmer at work computer programmers write test debug and maintain the detailed instructions called computer programs that computers must follow to perform their functions programmers also conceive design and test logical structures for solving problems by computer many technical innovations in programming advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today job titles and descriptions may vary depending on the organization 13 programmers work in many settings including corporate information technology it departments big software companies small service firms and government entities of all sizes many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client sites as contractors licensing is not typically required to work as a programmer although professional certifications are commonly held by programmers 13 programming is considered a profession 14 15 16 types of software edit programming editors also known as source code editors are text editors that are specifically designed for programmers or developers to write the source code of an application or a program most of these editors include features useful for programmers which may include color syntax highlighting auto indentation auto complete bracket matching syntax check and allows plug ins these features aid the users during coding debugging and testing 17 globalization edit the examples and perspectives in this section deal primarily with the united states and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject you may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate december 2010 learn how and when to remove this message market changes in the uk edit according to bbc news 17 of computer science students could not find work in their field six months after graduation in 2009 which was the highest rate of the university subjects surveyed while 0 of medical students were unemployed in the same survey 18 market changes in the us edit after the crash of the dot com bubble 1999 2001 and the great recession 2008 many u s programmers were left without work or with lower wages 19 20 21 in addition enrollment in computer related degrees and other stem degrees stem attrition 22 in the us has been dropping for years especially for women 23 21 24 which according to beaubouef and mason 25 could be attributed to a lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers for programmers the u s bureau of labor statistics bls occupational outlook originally predicted a growth for programmers of 12 percent from 2010 to 2020 26 and thereafter a decline of 7 percent from 2016 to 2026 with 21800 fewer openings a further decline of 9 percent from 2019 to 2029 a decline of 10 percent from 2021 to 2031 13 and then a decline of 11 percent from 2022 to 2032 with 9700 fewer openings 27 2024 to 2034 a decline of 6 percent the current prediction for 2025 to 2035 is a decline of 7 percent with 8700 fewer openings since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower 13 if domestic demand has increased it is mainly to replace the attrition of aging programmers or those abandoning this occupation 28 however for software developers bls projects current growth at 10 28 that is down from their prediction from 2024 to 2034 increase of 15 and 2019 to 2029 of a 22 increase in employment from 1 469 200 to 1 785 200 jobs with a median base salary of 110 000 per year this prediction is lower than the earlier 2010 to 2020 predicted increase of 30 for software developers 29 30 20 though the distinction is somewhat ambiguous software developers engage in a wider array of aspects of application development and are generally higher skilled than programmers making outsourcing less of a risk 31 32 another reason for the decline for programmers is their skills are being merged with other professions such as developers as employers increase the requirements for a position over time i e full stack developer this skill consolidation has led some employers to claim there is a skills shortage with regard to programming talent however us programmers and unions counter that some are exaggerating their case in order to obtain programmers from countries with lower wages and avoid paying for training in very specific technologies 33 then there is the additional concern that recent advances in artificial intelligence and vibe coding might drastically 34 35 impact the demand for future generations of software professions even as schools are increasingly emphasizing programming as a career 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 market changes in japan edit as of 2024 in japan the demand for programmers is increasing rapidly due mainly to the aging demographics of their workforce and their low birth rate not being sufficient for replacement has led to more use of ai to help fill the gap 46 47 on the other hand despite the fact that there are more than 1 2 million programmers in japan as of 2020 more than 40 of japanese companies say they do not have enough skilled and qualified it personnel including programmers by 2030 the number of programmers will exceed 1 6 million but about 800 000 people including programmers a shortage of engineers is expected to occur 48 49 programming education edit github codespaces is an online integrated development environment that requires minimal setup to get started programming programming education involves the teaching and learning of computer programming concepts languages and practices it is offered through various formats including formal computer science degree programs vocational training career and technical education centers coding bootcamps libraries 50 online courses and self directed learning educational initiatives often focus on problem solving computational thinking logical thinking and the development of algorithms in primary and secondary education programming is increasingly integrated into computer literacy curricula through initiatives such as hour of code code club learn to code and by getting computers in the classroom 51 52 at the higher education level programming instruction may include coursework in software engineering data structures debugging software design and specialized domains such as game development artificial intelligence cryptography or data science numerous platforms and resources like ai chat bots educational programming software and online integrated development environments have expanded access to programming education 53 54 55 see also edit computer programming portal list of programmers list of programming occupations list of programming languages lists of programming software development tools software development process software engineering systems architect video game programmer 996 working hour system wikibooks computer programming resources references edit programmer vs software engineer what s the difference ce arizona edu university of arizona 11 december 2020 archived from the original on 29 july 2021 retrieved 29 july 2021 heinz kate 23 february 2021 software engineer vs programmer what s the difference builtin com built in archived from the original on 29 july 2021 retrieved 29 july 2021 jacob freya 16 march 2020 6 key differences between a software engineer and a programmer simpleprogrammer com the simple programmer archived from the original on 29 july 2021 retrieved 29 july 2021 1 2 fuegi j francis j october december 2003 lovelace babbage and the creation of the 1843 notes ieee annals of the history of computing 25 4 16 26 bibcode 2003iahc 25d 16f doi 10 1109 mahc 2003 1253887 konrad zuse computer org ieee 2 april 2018 archived from the original on 26 september 2022 retrieved 4 february 2023 giloi wolfgang k 1997 konrad zuse s plankalkül the first high level non von neumann programming language ieee annals of the history of computing 19 2 17 24 doi 10 1109 85 586068 archived from the original on 23 march 2023 rojas raúl göktekin cüneyt friedland gerald krüger mike february 2000 plankalkül the first high level programming language and its implementation researchgate archived from the original on 12 june 2022 retrieved 4 february 2023 memorials eniac programmers project first byte productions 16 may 2014 archived from the original on 1 april 2018 retrieved 13 march 2021 donaldson james susan 4 december 2007 first computer programmers inspire documentary abc news archived from the original on 16 february 2013 retrieved 13 march 2021 elmer c kubie summer 1994 recollections of the first software company annals of the history of computing 16 2 65 71 doi 10 1109 85 279238 s2cid 5733812 1620 data processing system ibm archives 23 january 2003 archived from the original on 10 february 2021 retrieved 17 march 2021 beckhusen julia 16 august 2016 occupations in information technology united states census bureau archived from the original on 22 march 2021 retrieved 21 march 2021 1 2 3 4 computer programmers occupational outlook handbook u s bureau of labor statistics archived from the original on 3 may 2019 retrieved 13 march 2021 how to become a computer programmer coursera inc 30 september 2022 archived from the original on 7 october 2022 retrieved 2 february 2023 computer programmers often take courses and seek certifications to enter the field and stay current in their skills in this ever evolving profession 11 types of programming jobs with duties and salaries indeed 17 october 2022 archived from the original on 2 february 2023 retrieved 2 february 2023 sartore melissa 22 december 2022 what is a computer programmer computerscience org archived from the original on 30 january 2023 retrieved 2 february 2023 explore this profession and discover how you can thrive in a computer programming career bbc bitesize gcse computer science programming software and the ide revision 4 www bbc co uk archived from the original on 23 september 2017 retrieved 13 march 2021 shankleman martin 1 july 2010 one in 10 uk graduates jobless bbc news archived from the original on 8 march 2021 retrieved 13 march 2021 mann amar nunes tony august 2009 after the dot com bubble silicon valley high tech employment and wages in 2001 and 2008 pdf regional report u s bureau of labor statistics 1 8 archived pdf from the original on 18 march 2021 retrieved 13 march 2021 1 2 charette robert n 30 august 2013 the stem crisis is a myth ieee opinion ieee archived from the original on 7 august 2021 retrieved 7 august 2021 1 2 inflation adjusted income for u s engineers drops ieee spectrum stem attrition college students paths into and out of stem fields nces ed gov 26 november 2013 archived from the original on 18 march 2021 retrieved 13 march 2021 hp s developer portal hp international women s week women in computer science dropping since 1980s developers hp com archived from the original on 26 february 2021 retrieved 13 march 2021 generative ai and jobs https webapps ilo org static english intserv working papers wp140 index html beaubouef theresa mason john june 2005 why the high attrition rate for computer science students some thoughts and observations acm sigcse bulletin 37 2 103 106 doi 10 1145 1083431 1083474 s2cid 207157501 computer programmers occupational outlook handbook u s bureau of labor statistics archived from the original on 15 september 2012 computer programmers occupational outlook handbook u s bureau of labor statistics 1 2 software developers quality assurance analysts and testers bureau of labor statistics retrieved 16 january 2025 software developers quality assurance analysts and testers occupational outlook handbook u s bureau of labor statistics www bls gov archived from the original on 14 may 2019 retrieved 29 july 2021 software developers occupational outlook handbook u s bureau of labor statistics 18 july 2012 archived from the original on 1 september 2013 brooks ashley 2019 computer programmer vs software developer...