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century 33 34 they established whaling stations at the former mainly in red bay 35 and probably established some in the latter as well in terranova they hunted bowheads and right whales while in iceland 36 they appear to have only hunted the latter the spanish fishery in terranova declined over conflicts between spain and other european powers during the late 16th and early 17th centuries in 1524 the portuguese estêvão gomes who had sailed in ferdinand magellan s fleet explored nova scotia sailing south through maine where he entered new york harbor and the hudson river and eventually reached florida in august 1525 as a result of his expedition the 1529 diego ribeiro world map outlined the east coast of north america almost perfectly citation needed route of narváez expedition until november 1528 and a reconstruction of cabeza de vaca s later wanderings the spaniard cabeza de vaca was the leader of the narváez expedition of 600 men 37 that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of north america from tampa bay florida on 15 april 1528 they marched through florida traveling mostly on foot they crossed texas new mexico and arizona and mexican states of tamaulipas nuevo león and coahuila after several months of fighting native inhabitants through wilderness and swamp the party reached apalachee bay with 242 men they believed they were near other spaniards in mexico but there was in fact 1 500 miles of coast between them they followed the coast westward until they reached the mouth of the mississippi river near to galveston island citation needed the coronado expedition 1540 1542 later they were enslaved for a few years by various native american tribes of the upper gulf coast they continued through coahuila and nueva vizcaya then down the gulf of california coast to what is now sinaloa mexico over a period of roughly eight years they spent years enslaved by the ananarivo of the louisiana gulf islands later they were enslaved by the hans the capoques and others in 1534 they escaped into the american interior contacting other native american tribes along the way only four men cabeza de vaca andrés dorantes de carranza alonso del castillo maldonado and an enslaved african named estevanico survived and escaped to reach mexico city in 1539 estevanico was one of four men who accompanied marcos de niza as a guide in search of the fabled seven cities of cibola preceding coronado when the others were struck ill estevanico continued alone opening up what is now new mexico and arizona he was killed at the zuni village of hawikuh in present day new mexico citation needed a map showing the de soto route through the southeast 1539 1542 the viceroy of new spain antonio de mendoza for whom is named the codex mendoza commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of new spain in 1540 1542 francisco vázquez de coronado reached quivira in central kansas portuguese maritime explorer juan rodríguez cabrillo at the service of spain explored the western coastline of alta california in 1542 1543 vázquez de coronado s 1540 1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled cities of gold but after learning from natives in new mexico of a large river to the west he sent garcía lópez de cárdenas to lead a small contingent to find it with the guidance of hopi indians cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the grand canyon 38 however cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon assuming the width of the colorado river at six feet 1 8 m and estimating 300 foot tall 91 m rock formations to be the size of a person after unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river they left the area defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather 39 in 1540 hernando de alarcón and his fleet reached the mouth of the colorado river intending to provide additional supplies to coronado s expedition alarcón may have sailed the colorado as far upstream as the present day california arizona border however coronado never reached the gulf of california and alarcón eventually gave up and left melchior díaz reached the delta in the same year intending to establish contact with alarcón but the latter was already gone by the time of díaz s arrival díaz named the colorado river río del tizón while the name colorado red river was first applied to a tributary of the gila river nicolás de ovando in 1540 expeditions under hernando de alarcon and melchior diaz visited the area of yuma and immediately saw the natural crossing of the colorado river from mexico to california by land as an ideal spot for a city as the colorado river narrows to slightly under 1 000 feet wide in one small point later military expeditions that crossed the colorado river at the yuma crossing include juan bautista de anza s 1774 in 1565 the marriage between luisa de abrego a free black domestic servant from seville and miguel rodríguez a white segovian conquistador in st augustine spanish florida is the first known and recorded christian marriage anywhere in the continental united states 40 the chamuscado and rodríguez expedition explored new mexico in 1581 1582 they explored a part of the route visited by coronado in new mexico and other parts in the southwestern united states between 1540 and 1542 the viceroy of new spain don diego garcía sarmiento sent another expedition to explore conquer and colonize the californias in 1648 asia and oceania colonization and pacific exploration edit in 1525 king charles i of spain ordered an expedition led by friar garcía jofre de loaísa to go to asia by trying to accomplished the task first set by christopher columbus in 1492 and then ferdinand magellan in 1521 through a western passage to the pacific ocean to colonize the maluku islands known as the spice islands now part of present day indonesia thus crossing first the atlantic and then the pacific oceans in 1542 and 1543 ruy lópez de villalobos and his crew sailed to the philippines to find the islands where magellan had landed in 1521 and established trade settlements in the region from 1546 to 1547 francis xavier worked in maluku among the peoples of ambon island ternate and morotai and laid the foundations for the christian religion there statue of miguel lópez de legazpi in cebu city philippines in 1564 a quest led by miguel lópez de legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy of new spain luís de velasco to explore the maluku islands where magellan and villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543 respectively the expedition was ordered by king philip ii of spain after whom the philippines had earlier been named by villalobos after winning a series of conflict between the native tribes of the philippines and the spaniards lópez de legazpi established settlements in the northern and central parts of the philippines and the pacific islands in 1571 and he became the first governor general of the spanish east indies hagåtña agaña is the capital of the united states territory of guam ancient city of the spanish possessions in oceania the spaniards settled and took control of tidore in 1603 to trade spices and counter dutch encroachment in the archipelago of maluku the spanish presence lasted until 1663 when the settlers and military were moved back to the philippines part of the ternatean population chose to leave with the spaniards settling near manila in what later became the municipality of ternate a pacific trade known as the manila galleons was established between the philippines and mexico spanish galleons traveled across the pacific ocean between acapulco in mexico and manila for almost three centuries areas of what are now alaska and british columbia explored by spain in 1542 juan rodríguez cabrillo traversed the coast of california and named many of its features in 1601 sebastián vizcaíno mapped the coastline in detail and gave new names to many features martín de aguilar lost from the expedition led by sebastián vizcaíno explored the pacific coast as far north as coos bay in present day oregon 41 since the 1543 arrival to kagoshima kyushu of a group of portuguese traders spain tried to send missionaries to japan in the 17th century this group of jesuit missionaries included spaniards cosme de torres and juan fernandez in 1611 sebastián vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of japan and from the year of 1611 to 1614 and he was ambassador of king philip iii in the spanish east indies in southeast asia only to return to acapulco in the year of 1614 in 1608 he was sent to search for two mythical islands called rico de oro island of gold and rico de plata island of silver 42 portuguese exploration edit main articles history of portugal 1415 1578 portuguese india portuguese discoveries age of discovery bandeirantes and theory of the portuguese discovery of australia bronze figure of a portuguese soldier made by benin culture in west africa around 1600 portuguese expansion in africa and the middle east 1415 1801 43 two brass plates depicting a bearded portuguese soldier before 1500 on top and benin warriors at the bottom as a seafaring people in the south westernmost region of europe the portuguese became natural leaders of exploration during the middle ages faced with the options of either accessing other european markets by sea by exploiting its seafaring prowess or by land and facing the task of crossing castile and aragon territory it is not surprising that goods were sent via the sea to england flanders italy and the hanseatic league towns citation needed one important reason was the need for alternatives to the expensive eastern trade routes that followed the silk road those routes were dominated first by the republics of venice and genoa and then by the ottoman empire after the conquest of constantinople in 1453 the ottomans barred european access for decades the spanish netherlands ports produced more revenue than the colonies since all goods brought from spain mediterranean possessions and the colonies were sold directly there to neighbouring european countries wheat olive oil wine silver spice wool and silk were big businesses citation needed the gold brought home from guinea stimulated the commercial energy of the portuguese and its european neighbours especially spain apart from their religious and scientific aspects these voyages of discovery were highly profitable they had benefited from guinea s connections with neighbouring iberians and north african muslim states due to these connections mathematicians and experts in naval technology appeared in portugal portuguese and foreign experts made several breakthroughs in the fields of mathematics cartography and naval technology under afonso v 1443 1481 surnamed the african the gulf of guinea was explored as far as cape st catherine cabo santa caterina 44 45 46 and three expeditions in 1458 1461 and 1471 were sent to morocco in 1471 arzila asila and tangier were captured from the moors portuguese explored the atlantic indian and pacific oceans before the iberian union period 1580 1640 under john ii 1481 1495 the fortress of são jorge da mina the modern elmina was founded for the protection of the guinea trade diogo cão or can discovered the congo in 1482 and reached cape cross in 1486 afonso de albuquerque expanded the portuguese empire across the indian ocean in 1483 diogo cão sailed up the uncharted congo river finding kongo villages and becoming the first european to encounter the kongo kingdom 47 on 7 may 1487 two portuguese envoys pero da covilhã and afonso de paiva were sent traveling secretly overland to gather information on a possible sea route to india but also to inquire about prester john covilhã managed to reach ethiopia although well received he was forbidden to depart bartolomeu dias crossed the cape of good hope in 1488 thus proving that the indian ocean was accessible by sea vasco da gama in 1498 vasco da gama reached india in 1500 pedro álvares cabral discovered brazil claiming it for portugal 48 in 1510 afonso de albuquerque conquered goa in india hormuz in the persian strait and malacca the portuguese sailors sailed eastward to such places as taiwan japan and the island of timor several writers have also suggested the portuguese were the first europeans to discover australia and new zealand 49 50 51 52 53 álvaro caminha in cape verde islands who received the land as a grant from the crown established a colony with jews forced to stay on são tomé island príncipe island was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement attracting settlers proved difficult however the jewish settlement was a success and their descendants settled many parts of brazil 54 1630 map of the portuguese fort and the city of malacca portuguese in the persian gulf 1507 1750 from their peaceful settlings in secured islands along atlantic ocean archipelagos and islands such as madeira the azores cape verde são tomé príncipe and annobón they travelled to coastal enclaves trading almost every goods of african and islander areas like spices hemp opium garlic wine dry fish dried meat toasted flour leather fur of tropical animals and seals whaling but mainly ivory black slaves gold and hardwoods they maintaining trade ports in congo m banza angola natal city of cape good hope in portuguese cidade do cabo da boa esperança mozambique sofala tanzania kilwa kisiwani kenya malindi to somalia the portuguese following the maritime trade routes of muslims and chinese traders sailed the indian ocean they were on malabar coast since 1498 when vasco da gama reached anjadir kannut kochi and calicut da gama in 1498 marked the beginning of portuguese influence in indian ocean in 1503 or 1504 zanzibar became part of the portuguese empire when captain ruy lourenço ravasco marques landed and demanded and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace 55 page 99 zanzibar remained a possession of portugal for almost two centuries it initially became part of the portuguese province of arabia and ethiopia and was administered by a governor general around 1571 zanzibar became part of the western division of the portuguese empire and was administered from mozambique 56 15 it appears however that the portuguese did not closely administer zanzibar the first english ship to visit unguja the edward bonaventure in 1591 found that there was no portuguese fort or garrison the extent of their occupation was a trade depot where produce was purchased and collected for shipment to mozambique in other respects the affairs of the island were managed by the local king the predecessor of the mwinyi mkuu of dunga 57 81 this hands off approach ended when portugal established a fort on pemba around 1635 in response to the sultan of mombasa s slaughter of portuguese residents several years earlier after 1500 west and east africa asia and the pacific edit main articles portuguese india portuguese india armadas and gonçalo teixeira correia cidade de congo de são salvador was founded some time after the arrival of the portuguese in the pre exi...