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with doge enrico dandolo that venice would build by june 1202 a fleet for 33 500 crusaders for 85 000 marks over 20 tons of silver after theobald s unexpected death in may 1201 boniface of montferrat linked to royal houses in east and west became leader 262 263 the crusade faltered when only a third of the expected force gathered at venice many embarked elsewhere or failed to keep their vows the venetians had invested heavily but the crusaders could not pay the agreed sum to recover losses dandolo proposed attacking zara a christian city in dalmatia under king emeric of hungary himself a sworn crusader despite papal prohibition and protests from some including simon de montfort the leaders agreed and captured zara for venice in november 1202 264 265 266 while wintering there alexios angelos son of the deposed emperor isaac ii offered to reunite the byzantine church with rome pay 200 000 marks and supply 10 000 troops if restored to constantinople though only recently absolved for attacking a christian city the leaders accepted and diverted the expedition prompting several hundred dissenters to quit or sail directly to the holy land 267 the army reached constantinople in june 1203 and began the siege their first assault in july forced emperor alexios iii to flee isaac ii was restored and his son crowned co emperor as alexios iv alexios raised only 100 000 marks and promised more if the crusaders stayed until march which a parlament attended by both commanders and knights accepted as he failed to pay the crusaders began plundering losing support alexios iv and isaac were deposed by the aristocrat alexios doukas crowned alexios v in february 1204 268 269 conquest of constantinople from a 15th century manuscript illuminated by david aubert lacking supplies the crusader leaders resolved to attack constantinople after agreeing on how to divide its spoils and partition the empire their first assault failed but clergy kept morale with sermons branding the byzantines schismatics worse than the jews the second attack on 12 april succeeded and the sack of constantinople lasted for days 270 the crusaders massacred thousands desecrated holy sites and seized the city s movable wealth relics were taken in great numbers to western churches the brutality shocked contemporaries including the pope and the muslim scholar ibn al athir the byzantine historian nicetas choniates contrasted saladin s clemency in jerusalem with the crusaders slaughter of orthodox christians in constantinople 271 a committee of six venetian and six french crusaders elected baldwin of flanders as the first latin emperor boniface of montferrat received macedonia and thessaly founding the kingdom of thessalonica his vassals created the duchy of athens in attica and the principality of achaea in the peloponnese venice gained many aegean islands including crete and thereafter a venetian cleric was appointed as latin patriarch of constantinople 272 frankish control of former byzantine lands proved precarious baldwin died in bulgarian captivity after defeat at the battle of adrianople in 1205 and boniface was killed fighting bulgarians in 1207 greek resistance centred on three byzantine successor states epirus nicaea and trebizond 273 272 from the crusader states view the fourth crusade was almost a failure only about a fifth of those who took the cross around 1200 reached the holy land enabling aimery of jerusalem to extend the 1198 truce for six years in 1204 while most participants in constantinople s sack returned home without going east 274 275 towards a new levantine crusade further information albigensian crusades and children s crusade after the fourth crusade s collapse pope innocent iii considered a new eastern campaign 276 yet large scale plans had little chance amid the prolonged german throne dispute and renewed war between france and england 277 the crusader states faced no immediate danger because of divisions within the ayyubids 278 in 1212 john of brienne the new king of jerusalem concluded a five year truce with al adil by then ruler of egypt and damascus and soon asked innocent to call a crusade once it expired john had gained the throne by marrying queen isabella s daughter and heir maria of montferrat after his wife s death he reigned with their infant daughter isabella ii 279 the battle of muret a key engagement of the albigensian crusades a miniature from the late 14th century grandes chroniques de france the medievalist andrew jotischky sees innocent s crusade policy as pragmatic reactions to problems 280 one challenge was catharism a dualist religious movement in southern france he launched the albigensian crusade against them in 1208 denouncing the cathars as more evil than muslims 281 popular zeal for crusading persisted though recent failures drew criticism of noble led campaigns and expeditions 282 petition processions for iberian christians resisting the muslim revivalist almohads and preaching against the cathars stirred fervour in central france and the rhineland in the early 1210s in 1212 this produced popular movements later called the children s crusade 283 sources conflict and mix myth with moral tales but agree the participants were children and youths seeking to retake jerusalem but none reached the holy land 284 fifth crusade main article fifth crusade further information battle of mansurah 1221 unlike in the levant crusading in europe was succeeding in iberia the reconquista struck a decisive blow to the almohads at the battle of las navas de tolosa in july 1212 that year simon de montfort now leader of the albigensian crusade completed the conquest of much of southern france 285 286 these victories with the spontaneous zeal of the children s crusade let pope innocent iii plan a new levantine crusade he proclaimed it in the bull quia maior citing a new muslim fort on mount tabor as pretext 276 287 according to madden this impressive document represents the full maturation of the crusading idea 276 the fourth crusade had shown the ruinous effect of poor organisation 288 and innocent concluded only papal direction could ensure success 289 he also broke with the tradition of appealing solely to the military class and granted full indulgence to those who funded a warrior s journey if unable to go themselves and partial indulgence to donors 290 the expedition s terms were set at the fourth lateran council in november 1215 crusaders were to gather at brindisi or messina in southern italy by 1 june 1217 when the 1212 truce ended a 5 levy on clerical income across europe for three years was imposed and innocent pledged 30 000 pounds of silver 291 292 the appeal failed in france preoccupied with the albigensian crusade but found support elsewhere andrew ii of hungary and leopold vi of austria took the cross frederick ii innocent s protégé in the german throne dispute also vowed to join though had not yet defeated otto of brunswick 293 oliver of paderborn a crusade preacher toured the low countries recounting visions such as three crosses in the sky while jacques de vitry won over genoese patricians through their wives 294 during preparations innocent died on 16 july 1216 but his successor honorius iii carried on his policy 295 296 for the first time in crusading history the crusade was also preached in the crusader states and in cyprus 297 hungarian and austrian crusaders embarked at the dalmatian port of spalato on venetian ships rather than the more distant southern italian harbours by late september they reached acre where john of brienne hugh i of cyprus and bohemond iv of antioch joined them after a failed siege of mount tabor andrew ii deemed his vow fulfilled and with most hungarians withdrew 298 299 frisian german and italian forces then joined and in may 1218 the army advanced on damietta a thriving nile delta port the city s subsequent siege saw a shifting host as western contingents arrived and others departed john of brienne was chosen commander but soon challenged by the papal legate pelagius 300 francis of assisi before sultan al kamil during the fifth crusade a 15th century fresco by benozzo gozzoli in late august the crusaders seized the tower of the chain guarding the delta al adil reportedly died of shock his son al kamil offered to restore the pre 1187 borders of the kingdom of jerusalem excluding transjordan for withdrawal 301 on learning of the offer al kamil s brother al mu azzam dismantled jerusalem s walls but the crusaders rejected the offer as the kingdom was indefensible without the fortresses over the jordan 302 in august 1219 the mystic francis of assisi met al kamil seeking to convert him to christianity unsuccessfully prophecies promised victory and aid from the mythical prester john fuelled by distorted reports of the mongol conquests in central asia 303 damietta fell to the crusaders in november 1219 but its possession soon sparked renewed conflict between john of brienne and pelagius 304 a year later frederick reaffirmed his crusading vow at his imperial coronation in rome the first german forces arrived under louis i of bavaria in 1221 that july ignoring frederick s orders louis and pelagius advanced towards cairo but al kamil aided by his brothers al muʿazzam and al ashraf forced a northward retreat with the nile in flood he opened the sluices flooding their route trapped the crusaders accepted terms damietta was surrendered for safe conduct and an eight year truce al kamil re entered the city in september as the crusaders withdrew the sudden collapse shocked western christendom many blamed pelagius for the disastrous final campaign while others including returning crusaders and honorius condemned frederick for failing to honour his vow 305 sixth crusade main article sixth crusade by 1218 frederick ii had secured his authority in germany but the union of sicily with the holy roman empire under his rule threatened the papacy yet relations with pope honorius iii stayed cordial aided by mediators such as hermann of salza grand master of the teutonic knights and thomas of capua head of the papal penitentiary 306 frederick renewed his crusading vow in may 1223 setting june 1225 for departure and agreed to marry isabella ii of jerusalem in the presence of her father john of brienne 307 308 with little response to the crusade call he renewed the vow again in march 1225 pledging under threat of excommunication to depart in august 1227 309 in november 1225 he married isabella and exacted oaths of fealty from the barons of the kingdom of jerusalem despite earlier assurances that he would allow john to rule 310 307 in 1226 tensions between al kamil and al mu azzam grew so severe that al kamil sent an envoy to frederick offering jerusalem s return to the christians for aid against his rival 311 in march 1227 pope honorius died and the energetic gregory ix succeeded him 312 he soon clashed with frederick over papal rights in sicily though preparations for the crusade continued 313 to win lombard support frederick used force yet many eagerly joined including the german noble louis iv of thuringia the italian aristocrat thomas of acerra and the english bishop peter des roches 313 314 several crusaders sailed from brindisi on 15 august 1227 frederick followed on 8 september with c 800 knights and 10 000 infantry but fell ill and returned to southern italy enraged pope gregory excommunicated him before the end of the month 313 307 learning of frederick s illness and excommunication many crusaders in the holy land abandoned the campaign the rest repaired coastal fortifications 315 they also seized sidon and built montfort castle near acre after al mu azzam died in november 1227 316 holy roman emperor frederick ii left meets al kamil right 14th century illumination from giovanni villani s nuova cronica disregarding papal demands to seek absolution before resuming the crusade frederick resolved to lead an expedition to the holy land as isabella died shortly after giving birth to their son conrad he departed only in late june 1228 reaching cyprus an imperial fief he deposed john of ibelin regent for the underage king henry i and demanded fealty from bohemond iv of antioch and tripoli who refused 317 frederick landed at acre on 7 september as the hospitallers the templars and devout crusaders would not follow an excommunicated leader he used intermediaries to issue orders he renewed talks with al kamil displaying tolerance toward islam and notable learning on 18 february 1229 the treaty of jaffa ceded jerusalem bethlehem and other key cities to the christians while preserving the temple mount the dome of the rock and the al aqsa mosque as muslim places of worship it also established a ten year truce excluding antioch tripoli and the hospitaller and templar lands though gaining more than any earlier crusade the treaty drew sharp criticism visiting jerusalem frederick entered muslim shrines and on 18 may crowned himself king in the church of the holy sepulchre 318 319 meanwhile with papal backing john of brienne invaded southern italy compelling frederick to abandon his eastern campaign in may he landed at brindisi in june and by the end of october had driven his former father in law back into papal territory 320 barons crusade main article barons crusade by emperor frederick ii s return from his eastern campaign the treaty of paris had ended the albigensian crusades on 12 april 1229 321 322 the period also saw crusader successes in iberia james i of aragon conquered the balearic islands and valencia by 1238 while ferdinand iii of castile took córdoba in 1236 after a successful siege 323 324 in the baltic the teutonic knights assumed command of the crusade against the pagan prussians in 1230 325 pope gregory ix meanwhile launched the drenther and stedinger crusades against peasant rebels and the bosnian crusade against dissident christians 326 frederick reconciled with the papacy in may 1230 the following year frederick appointed richard filangieri as bailli deputy in the kingdom of jerusalem supported by the teutonic knights pisans and some local nobles filangieri seized tyre but most jerusalemite barons led by john of ibelin and backed by the genoese and henry i of cyprus resisted upon john s death in 1236 his son balian of beirut assumed command of the resistance 327 pope gregory called for a new crusade in separate encyclicals to the english and french in 1234 the expedition was to depart for the holy land when the 1229 truce expired in 1239 he ordered taxation of clerical income and promoted commuting crusading vows for cash he also proposed the establishment of a garrison in palestine to be maintained for ten years and financed by lay contributions in return for partial crusade indulgences mendicant friars preached the crusade but bishops held the funds which were distributed by papal authorisation to aristocrats who had taken the cross 328 in france theobald iv of champagne also king of navarre hugh iv of burgu...