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appearance which was een rodlich eylande in 17th century dutch meaning a red or reddish island supposedly evolving into the designation rhode island 24 25 historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore 26 27 this is the explanation adopted by the state s website 28 the earliest documented use of the name rhode island for aquidneck was in 1637 by roger williams the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words aquethneck shall be henceforth called the isle of rodes or rhode island the name isle of rodes is used in a legal document as late as 1646 29 30 dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island red island roodt eylandt 31 2020 change edit edit source the first english settlement in rhode island was the town of providence which the narragansett granted to roger williams in 1636 32 at that time williams obtained no permission from the english crown as he believed the english had no legitimate claim on narragansett and wampanoag territory 33 verification needed williams traveled to london in 1643 during the english civil war to obtain legal recognition of the new settlements a patent was granted to the incorporation of providence plantations in narragansett bay in new england by the parliamentary committee on foreign plantations 34 after the english civil war a royal charter was granted in 1663 giving the colony an official name of the governor and company of the english colony of rhode island and providence plantations in new england in america 35 following the american revolution in 1790 the new state incorporated as the state of rhode island and providence plantations however as matter of convenience the state came to be commonly known as simply rhode island the word plantation in the state s name became a contested issue during the 20th century and the increased awareness of slavery and its role in early rhode island history the general assembly voted in 2009 to hold a referendum in november 2010 on removing and providence plantations from the official name 36 advocates for excising plantation argued that the word symbolized a legacy of disenfranchisement for many rhode islanders as well as the proliferation of slavery in the colonies and in the post colonial united states advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic synonym for colony and bore no relation to slavery voters overwhelmingly 78 to 22 chose to retain the entire original name 37 in june 2020 state senator harold metts introduced a resolution for another ballot referendum on the subject saying whatever the meaning of the term plantations in the context of rhode island s history it carries a horrific connotation when considering the tragic and racist history of our nation 38 governor gina raimondo issued an executive order to remove the phrase from a range of official documents and state websites 39 in july amidst the george floyd protests and nationwide calls to address systemic racism the resolution referring the question to the voters was passed by both houses of the rhode island general assembly 69 1 in the house of representatives 40 and 35 0 in the senate 41 the change was then approved by voters 52 8 to 47 2 as 2020 rhode island question 1 taking effect in november 2020 upon certification of the results 18 42 history edit edit source main article history of rhode island colonial era 1636 1770 edit edit source main article colony of rhode island and providence plantations in 1636 roger williams and his followers founded the settlement of providence plantations at the onset of european colonization what is now rhode island was inhabited mainly by five native american tribes by far most of the state s territory was inhabited by the narragansett eastern borderlands were occupied by the wampanoag south western coast by the niantic western borderlands by the pequot and northern borderlands by the nipmuc 43 self published source 44 in 1636 roger williams was banished from the massachusetts bay colony for his religious views and he settled at the top of narragansett bay on land sold or given to him by narragansett sachem canonicus he named the site providence having a sense of god s merciful providence unto me in my distress 45 and it became a place of religious freedom where all were welcome in 1936 on the 300th anniversary of the settlement of rhode island in 1636 the u s post office issued a commemorative stamp depicting roger williams in 1638 after conferring with williams anne hutchinson william coddington john clarke philip sherman and other religious dissenters were allowed to settle on aquidneck island also known as rhode island by the narragansett sachems canonicus and miantonomi they were given a few items in reciprocity for their generosity however as roger williams made clear in a letter to john winthrop in june 1638 sir concerning the islands prudence and aquedenick neither of them were sold properly for a thousand fathom would not have bought either by strangers the truth is not a penny was demanded for either and what was paid was only gratuity though i chose for better assurance and form to call it sale 46 this settlement was first called pocasset and then changed in 1639 to portsmouth the town was governed by the portsmouth compact the island s southern part became the separate settlement of newport after disagreements among the founders samuel gorton purchased lands at shawomet in 1642 from the narragansetts precipitating a dispute with the massachusetts bay colony in 1644 providence portsmouth and newport united for their common independence as the colony of rhode island and providence plantations governed by an elected council and president gorton received a separate charter for his settlement in 1648 which he named warwick after his patron 47 metacomet was the wampanoag tribe s war leader whom the colonists called king philip they invaded and burned down several of the towns in the area during king philip s war 1675 1676 including providence which was attacked twice 45 a force of massachusetts connecticut and plymouth militia under general josiah winslow invaded and destroyed the fortified narragansett indian village in the great swamp in south kingstown rhode island on december 19 1675 48 in one of the final actions of the war an indian associated with benjamin church killed king philip in bristol rhode island 49 in 1680 newport was the third largest anglo american city it remained a prosperous population center until the 1770s 50 the colony was amalgamated into the dominion of new england in 1686 as king james ii attempted to enforce royal authority over the autonomous colonies in british north america but the colony regained its independence under the royal charter after the glorious revolution of 1688 slaves were introduced in rhode island at this time although there is no record of any law legalizing slave holding the colony later prospered under the slave trade distilling rum to sell in africa as part of a profitable triangular trade in slaves and sugar with the caribbean 51 rhode island s legislative body passed an act in 1652 abolishing the holding of slaves the first british colony to do so but this edict was never enforced and rhode island continued to be heavily involved in the slave trade during the post revolution era 52 in 1774 the slave population of rhode island was 6 3 of the total nearly twice the ratio of other new england colonies 53 54 brown university was founded in 1764 as the college in the british colony of rhode island and providence plantations it was one of nine colonial colleges granted charters before the american revolution and was the first college in america to accept students regardless of religious affiliation 55 revolutionary to civil war period 1770 1860 edit edit source providence revolutionaries burned hms gaspee in warwick in protest of british customs laws rhode island s tradition of independence and dissent gave it a prominent role in the american revolution at approximately 2 a m on june 10 1772 a band of providence residents attacked the grounded revenue schooner hms gaspée burning it to the waterline for enforcing unpopular trade regulations within narragansett bay 56 rhode island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the british crown on may 4 1776 57 it was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the united states constitution on may 29 1790 and only under threat of heavy trade tariffs from the other former colonies and after assurances were made that a bill of rights would become part of the constitution 58 a nine pence banknote issued by rhode island in 1786 during the revolution the british occupied newport in december 1776 a combined franco american force fought to drive them off aquidneck island portsmouth was the site of the first african american military unit the 1st rhode island regiment to fight for the u s in the unsuccessful battle of rhode island of august 29 1778 59 a month earlier the appearance of a french fleet off newport caused the british to scuttle some of their own ships in an attempt to block the harbor the british abandoned newport in october 1779 concentrating their forces in new york city an expedition of 5 500 french troops under count rochambeau arrived in newport by sea on july 10 1780 60 the 1781 march to yorktown virginia culminated in the defeat of the british at the siege of yorktown and the battle of the chesapeake rhode island was also heavily involved in the industrial revolution which began in america in 1787 when thomas somers reproduced textile machine plans which he imported from england he helped to produce the beverly cotton manufactory in which moses brown of providence took an interest moses brown teamed up with samuel slater and helped to create the second cotton mill in america a water powered textile mill the industrial revolution moved large numbers of workers into the cities with the 1663 colonial charter still in effect voting was restricted to landowners holding at least 134 in property at the time of the revolution 80 of white men in rhode island could vote by 1840 only 40 were still eligible 61 the charter apportioned legislative seats equally among the state s towns over representing rural areas and under representing the growing industrial centers additionally the charter disallowed landless citizens from filing civil suits without endorsement from a landowner 62 bills were periodically introduced in the legislature to expand suffrage but they were invariably defeated in 1841 activists led by thomas w dorr organized an extralegal convention to draft a state constitution 63 arguing the charter government violated the guarantee clause in article four section four of the united states constitution in 1842 the charter government and dorr s supporters held separate elections and two rival governments claimed sovereignty over the state dorr s supporters led an armed rebellion against the charter government and dorr was arrested and imprisoned for treason against the state 64 in response the legislature drafted a state constitution which replaced property requirements for american born citizens with a 1 poll tax equivalent to 33 in 2025 in a heavily boycotted election in november 1842 voters approved the constitution citation needed voters also declined to limit the change to white men thus re enfranchising black men black men meeting the property requirements had been able to vote in rhode island until 1822 the constitution also ended slavery immigrants remained subject to the property requirement effectively disenfranchising many irish americans and maintaining urban under representation 65 66 in 1849 in luther v borden the us supreme court declined to rule on the constitutional question raised in dorr s rebellion holding that it was a political question outside its jurisdiction in the early 19th century rhode island was subject to a tuberculosis outbreak which led to public hysteria about vampirism 67 68 civil war edit edit source the united states naval academy was moved to fort adams in newport during the civil war main article rhode island in the american civil war during the american civil war rhode island was the first union state to send troops in response to president lincoln s request for help from the states rhode island furnished 23 700 fighting men of whom 1 685 died 69 on the home front rhode island and the other northern states used their industrial capacity to supply the union army with the materials it needed to win the war the united states naval academy moved to rhode island temporarily during the war in 1866 rhode island abolished racial segregation in the public schools throughout the state 70 gilded age edit edit source interior of the breakers a newport symbol of the gilded age the 50 years following the civil war were a time of prosperity and affluence that author william g mcloughlin calls rhode island s halcyon era rhode island was a center of the gilded age and provided a home or summer home to many of the country s most prominent industrialists this was a time of growth in textile mills and manufacturing and brought an influx of immigrants to fill those jobs bringing population growth and urbanization in newport new york s wealthiest industrialists created a summer haven to socialize and build grand mansions thousands of french canadian italian irish and portuguese immigrants arrived to fill jobs in the textile and manufacturing mills in providence pawtucket central falls and woonsocket 71 world war i edit edit source during world war i rhode island furnished 28 817 soldiers of whom 612 died after the war the state was hit hard by the spanish influenza 72 in the 1920s and 1930s rural rhode island saw a surge in ku klux klan membership largely in reaction to large waves of immigrants moving to the state the klan is believed to be responsible for burning the watchman industrial school in scituate which was a school for african american children 73 growth in the modern era 1929 present edit edit source since the great depression the rhode island democratic party has dominated local politics rhode island has comprehensive health insurance for low income children and a large social safety net however many urban areas still have a high rate of child poverty due to an influx of residents from boston increasing housing costs have resulted in more homelessness in rhode island 74 downtown providence in 2008 the 350th anniversary of the founding of rhode island was celebrated with a free concert held on the tarmac of the quonset state airport on august 31 1986 performers included chuck berry tommy james and headliner bob hope geography edit edit source further information geology of new england and climate change in rhode island topographic map of rhode island rhode island covers an area of 1 034 square miles 2 678 km 2 2 within the new englan...