Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

cyrenaics, contents, history, of, the, school, philosophy, legacy, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, later, epistemology, ethics,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (103), and (43), that (26), pleasure (23), more (22), cyrenaics (20), philosophy (17), for (17), was (16), aristippus (15), edit (15), #cyrenaic (14), school (14), are (13), they (11), pain (10), wikipedia (9), with (9), from (9), cyrene (9), history (9), hedonism (9), this (8), life (8), were (8), articles (7), isbn (7), can (7), pleasures (7), all (7), which (7), only (7), 1911 (6), ancient (6), greek (6), socrates (6), press (6), than (6), have (6), page (5), encyclopedia (5), links (5), metrodorus (5), younger (5), university (5), further (5), also (5), their (5), these (5), being (5), had (5), good (5), knowledge (5), his (5), toggle (4), contents (4), search (4), text (4), schools (4), other (4), cicero (4), philo (4), socratic (4), epicurus (4), anniceris (4), hegesias (4), cambridge (4), 2005 (4), legacy (4), long (4), chisholm (4), value (4), believed (4), who (4), but (4), goal (4), epicureanism (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), about (3), may (3), incorporating (3), britannica (3), hellenistic (3), philosophical (3), aenesidemus (3), one (3), argument (3), criterion (3), william (3), alexandria (3), charvaka (3), philosophers (3), skeptic (3), diogenes (3), zeno (3), dionysius (3), theodorus (3), italian (3), ionian (3), epistemology (3), reale (3), catan (3), 1986 (3), lampe (3), 2017 (3), 2003 (3), copleston (3), 704 (3), 703 (3), article (3), 1995 (3), annas (3), immediate (3), create (3), should (3), even (3), intrinsic (3), like (3), many (3), momentary (3), among (3), said (3), physical (3), held (3), sensation (3), sensations (3), century (3), laid (3), after (3), bce (3), tools (3), main (3), languages (2), table (2), conduct (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), 2025 (2), categories (2), citation (2), 1913 (2), catholic (2), wikisource (2), reference (2), internet (2), encyclopædia (2), short (2), description (2), wikidata (2), skepticism (2), retrieved (2), international (2), control (2), human (2), nature (2), montaigne (2), against (2), here (2), responses (2), hypothesis (2), problem (2), evil (2), skeptical (2), concepts (2), pierre (2), robert (2), favorinus (2), sextus (2), empiricus (2), agrippa (2), timon (2), pyrrho (2), elis (2), dio (2), gaius (2), aurelius (2), larissa (2), carneades (2), arcesilaus (2), academic (2), skeptics (2), atomist (2), xeniades (2), xenophanes (2), pre (2), moral (2), ammonius (2), plutarch (2), athens (2), students (2), apollonius (2), middle (2), phlius (2), lampsacus (2), aristotle (2), cronus (2), thrasymachus (2), atheist (2), thales (2), charles (2), new (2), eds (2), secondary (2), external (2), 290 (2), 521 (2), reading (2), way (2), now (2), happiness (2), references (2), 121 (2), 123 (2), 229 (2), 235 (2), aristocles (2), notes (2), subjective (2), principle (2), see (2), ideal (2), general (2), thinkers (2), however (2), some (2), actions (2), wise (2), person (2), them (2), will (2), different (2), law (2), because (2), own (2), friendship (2), justice (2), provide (2), thus (2), hedonistic (2), social (2), obligation (2), altruistic (2), psychological (2), wrong (2), such (2), thought (2), those (2), bentham (2), aim (2), people (2), feeling (2), distinction (2), kind (2), denied (2), bodily (2), intense (2), when (2), ethics (2), indifferent (2), according (2), individual (2), our (2), sole (2), know (2), instance (2), sweet (2), what (2), experiences (2), especially (2), mental (2), limited (2), its (2), virtue (2), produce (2), emphasis (2), not (2), down (2), least (2), eudaimonia (2), time (2), doctrines (2), system (2), later (2), pupils (2), her (2), refined (2), arete (2), although (2), related (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), subsection (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, under, additional, apply, using, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, use, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, august, utc, hidden, encyclopaedia, containing, 1453, language, matches, traditions, https, org, index, php, title, oldid, 1306737746, yale, lux, israel, bnf, data, france, united, states, national, gnd, authority, databases, treatise, discourse, method, essays, mathematicians, dogmatists, outlines, pyrrhonism, academica, barhaspatya, sutras, literature, relativism, contextualism, epistemic, closure, process, reliabilism, semantic, externalism, hand, cogito, ergo, sum, wax, simulation, regress, induction, münchhausen, trilemma, five, minute, demon, dream, brain, vat, scenarios, ignoramus, ignorabimus, suspension, judgment, epoché, cartesian, doubt, aporia, acatalepsy, peter, unger, drummond, gottlob, ernst, schulze, david, hume, humean, bayle, uriel, costa, francisco, sanches, charron, renaissance, nicholas, autrecourt, scholasticism, benson, mates, fogelin, richard, popkin, chillingworth, pyrrhonists, simon, foucher, cotta, aeschines, neapolis, charmadas, clitomachus, aristanax, stratonicea, hagnon, tarsus, hegesinus, evander, telecles, lacydes, diocles, cnidus, nausiphanes, anaxarchus, chios, ajñana, jayarāśi, bhaṭṭa, sanjaya, belatthiputta, indian, solipsism, scientific, jewish, religious, radical, pseudoskepticism, local, types, philostratus, lucian, chrysostom, nicetes, smyrna, second, sophistic, simplicius, damascius, hermiae, proclus, syrianus, julian, iamblichus, porphyry, origen, plotinus, saccas, neoplatonist, numenius, apamea, nicomachus, moderatus, gades, tyana, nigidius, figulus, neopythagorean, galen, alcinous, apuleius, eudorus, antiochus, platonist, oenoanda, lucretius, philodemus, sidon, epicurean, marcus, arrian, epictetus, musonius, rufus, lucius, annaeus, cornutus, seneca, posidonius, panaetius, chrysippus, cleanthes, citium, stoic, pyrrhonist, alexander, aphrodisias, lyco, troas, strato, theophrastus, aristotelianism, peripatetic, xenocrates, speusippus, plato, platonic, panthoides, alexinus, diodorus, euphantus, clinomachus, dialecticians, bryson, pasicles, nicarete, stilpo, eubulides, corinth, ichthyas, euclid, megara, megarian, asclepiades, menedemus, phaedo, eretrian, menippus, crates, antisthenes, cynic, xenophon, classical, euthydemus, dionysodorus, lycophron, callicles, gorgias, damon, hippias, prodicus, protagoras, sophist, democritus, leucippus, pausanias, acron, empedocles, archelaus, anaxagoras, pluralist, hippo, melissus, parmenides, eleatic, eurytus, myia, arignote, cos, hermotimus, calliphon, damo, theano, brontinus, alcmaeon, lamiskos, archytas, philolaus, hippasus, pythagoras, pythagorean, cratylus, heraclitus, heraclitean, anaximenes, anaximander, milesian, list, chilon, cleobulus, periander, bias, pittacus, solon, seven, sages, pherecydes, epimenides, proto, herbermann, york, appleton, company, keefe, tim, fieser, james, dowden, bradley, 37741658, oclc, 2161, 0002, issn, handbook, resources, primary, resource, zilioli, ugo, 2012, acumen, publishing, 84465, tsouna, voula, 1998, 62207, giovanni, john, suny, 88706, origins, barnes, jonathon, schofield, malcolm, 61670, mansfeld, jaap, algra, keimpe, kurt, princeton, 978, 691, 17638, birth, 8264, 6895, continuum, book, frederick, vol, 11th, hugh, public, domain, incorporates, publication, oxford, 509652, morality, julia, tusc, 274, 275, historical, dictionary, anthony, preus, rowman, littlefield, 2015, 184, éric, volant, quoted, culture, mort, volontaire, 639, 637, 633, 271, 272, eusebius, xiv, praeparatio, evangelica, idealism, psychology, existential, nihilism, alien, christianity, subsequent, found, hopeless, pessimism, give, equivalent, rather, enslaved, otherwise, result, ability, requires, judgement, evaluate, regard, paid, custom, though, things, violating, lead, unpleasant, penalties, imposed, others, likewise, useful, behavior, leading, modern, combined, distrust, popular, judgments, right, firm, conviction, distinctions, based, solely, convention, equally, unwavering, would, pursue, logically, must, abstain, usually, unjust, idea, occupies, prominent, position, systems, clearly, prime, importance, paley, volney, jeremy, utilitarians, cyrenaicism, deduces, single, universal, furthermore, homogeneous, follows, past, future, real, existence, present, there, spoken, higher, intellect, validity, simple, preferable, preferably, humans, comes, opinion, occurs, suddenly, difficult, endure, foreseen, motions, purely, painful, pleasant, violent, tranquil, gentle, entirely, described, world, objectively, therefore, possible, ways, affected, alone, knowable, everyone, known, reduced, logic, basic, doctrine, concerning, certainty, having, nothing, objects, cause, honey, sense, truth, theory, supreme, desirable, accepted, role, utilitarian, side, allowing, action, followers, seized, upon, made, final, denying, any, hedonists, 3rd, obsolete, largely, displaced, rivals, achieved, through, acts, gratification, sought, great, love, family, country, gratitude, demand, sacrifice, placed, greater, need, moderation, famous, extent, trying, meet, challenge, impossible, achieve, hence, becomes, avoidance, sorrow, conventional, values, wealth, poverty, freedom, slavery, simply, irrational, strategy, dealing, pains, has, compared, teachings, buddhism, jean, marie, guyau, broke, into, factions, represented, developed, rival, interpretations, early, included, possibly, aristoxenus, renegade, paraebates, antipater, epitimides, daughter, son, created, comprehensive, foundations, ideas, originated, elder, then, begins, born, around, 435, came, young, man, became, pupil, movements, 399, lived, court, uncertain, precisely, ascribed, formulated, syracuse, execution, zichan, wine, women, song, paradox, joie, vivre, hedonic, treadmill, tetrapharmakos, suffering, hedone, felicific, calculus, ataraxia, aponia, key, yangism, utilitarianism, libertinage, ethical, jovinianism, christian, axiological, yang, tännsjö, singer, piper, pearce, onfray, mill, mettrie, jovinian, guisán, gassendi, feldman, chandler, ajita, part, series, sensual, founded, 4th, supposedly, principles, been, formalized, grandson, same, name, called, birthplace, earliest, taught, meant, just, absence, did, positively, enjoyable, ones, stronger, anticipation, memory, recognized, could, gained, behaviour, died, out, within, replaced, hedonist, kyrēnaïkoí, romanized, κυρηναϊκοί, kyrenaics, movement, free, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, print, export, switch, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, permanent, link, english, talk, oʻzbekcha, ўзбекча, українська, türkçe, svenska, slovenčina, srpskohrvatski, српскохрватски, русский, português, polski, norsk, bokmål, مازِرونی, кыргызча, 한국어, қазақша, 日本語, italiano, íslenska, bahasa, indonesia, magyar, hrvatski, עברית, galego, français, suomi, فارسی, euskara, eesti, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, deutsch, čeština, català, bosanski, azərbaycanca, العربية, top, personal, special, pages, recent, community, portal, learn, help, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
t log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history of the school toggle history of the school subsection 1 1 later cyrenaics 2 philosophy toggle philosophy subsection 2 1 epistemology 2 2 ethics 3 legacy 4 see also 5 notes 6 references 7 further reading 8 external links toggle the table of contents cyrenaics 37 languages العربية azərbaycanca bosanski català čeština deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית hrvatski magyar bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 қазақша 한국어 кыргызча مازِرونی norsk bokmål polski português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenčina svenska türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia ancient greek philosophical movement aristippus of cyrene the cyrenaics or kyrenaics ancient greek κυρηναϊκοί romanized kyrēnaïkoí were a sensual hedonist greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century bce supposedly by aristippus of cyrene although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name aristippus the younger the school was so called after cyrene the birthplace of aristippus it was one of the earliest socratic schools the cyrenaics taught that the only intrinsic good is pleasure which meant not just the absence of pain as it did for epicurus but positively enjoyable sensations of these momentary pleasures especially physical ones are stronger than those of anticipation or memory further they recognized the value of social obligation and that pleasure could be gained from altruistic behaviour the school died out within a century and was replaced by the philosophy of epicureanism history of the school edit part of a series on hedonism thinkers ajita aristippus bentham chandler epicurus feldman gassendi guisán jovinian la mettrie mill onfray pearce piper singer tännsjö yang schools of hedonism axiological hedonism charvaka christian hedonism jovinianism cyrenaics epicureanism ethical hedonism libertinage psychological hedonism utilitarianism yangism key concepts aponia ataraxia eudaimonia felicific calculus happiness hedone pain pleasure sensation suffering tetrapharmakos related articles hedonic treadmill joie de vivre paradox of hedonism wine women and song zichan v t e the history of the cyrenaic school begins with aristippus of cyrene who was born around 435 bce he came to athens as a young man and became a pupil of socrates we have only limited knowledge of his movements after the execution of socrates in 399 bce although he is said to have lived for a time in the court of dionysius of syracuse it is uncertain precisely which doctrines ascribed to the cyrenaic school were formulated by aristippus 1 among aristippus pupils was his daughter arete of cyrene and among her pupils was her son aristippus the younger it was he according to aristocles 2 who created a comprehensive system 3 at the least however it can be said that the foundations of cyrenaic philosophy were ideas originated by the elder aristippus 4 refined by arete and then further refined by aristippus the younger other early cyrenaics included epitimides antipater of cyrene paraebates aristotle of cyrene 5 and possibly dionysius the renegade and aristoxenus of cyrene 6 later cyrenaics edit after the time of the younger aristippus the school broke up into different factions represented by anniceris hegesias and theodorus who all developed rival interpretations of cyrenaic doctrines many of which were responses to the new system of hedonistic philosophy laid down by epicurus 7 for anniceris pleasure is achieved through individual acts of gratification that are sought for the pleasure that they produce 1 but anniceris laid great emphasis on the love of family country friendship and gratitude that provide pleasure even when they demand sacrifice 4 for theodorus the goal of life is mental pleasure not bodily pleasure 1 and he placed greater emphasis on the need for moderation and justice 8 he was also famous for being an atheist 1 to some extent these philosophers were all trying to meet the challenge laid down by epicureanism 9 hegesias believed that eudaimonia is impossible to achieve 1 and hence the goal of life becomes the avoidance of pain and sorrow 4 conventional values such as wealth poverty freedom and slavery are all indifferent and produce no more pleasure than pain 1 for hegesias cyrenaic hedonism was simply the least irrational strategy for dealing with the pains of life 1 jean marie guyau has compared his teachings to buddhism 10 11 by the middle of the 3rd century bc the cyrenaic school was obsolete epicureanism had largely displaced its cyrenaic rivals 9 philosophy edit the cyrenaics were hedonists and held that pleasure was the supreme good in life especially physical pleasure which they thought more intense and more desirable than mental pleasures 1 pleasure is the only good in life and pain is the only evil socrates had held that virtue was the only human good but he had also accepted a limited role for its utilitarian side allowing pleasure to be a secondary goal of moral action 3 aristippus and his followers seized upon this and made pleasure the sole final goal of life denying that virtue had any intrinsic value epistemology edit the cyrenaics were known for their skeptical theory of knowledge they reduced logic to a basic doctrine concerning the criterion of truth 12 they believed that we can know with certainty our immediate sense experiences for instance that i am having a sweet sensation now but can know nothing about the nature of the objects that cause these sensations for instance that the honey is sweet 4 they also denied that we can have knowledge of what the experiences of other people are like 12 all knowledge is of one s own immediate sensation these sensations are motions that are purely subjective and are painful indifferent or pleasant according as they are violent tranquil or gentle 13 14 further they are entirely individual and can in no way be described as being of the world objectively feeling therefore is the only possible criterion of knowledge and of conduct 14 our ways of being affected are alone knowable 15 thus the sole aim for everyone should be pleasure ethics edit cyrenaicism deduces a single universal aim for all people which is pleasure furthermore all feeling is momentary and homogeneous it follows that past and future pleasure have no real existence for us and that among present pleasures there is no distinction of kind 1 socrates had spoken of the higher pleasures of the intellect the cyrenaics denied the validity of this distinction and said that bodily pleasures being more simple and more intense were preferable 1 momentary pleasure preferably of a physical kind is the only good for humans 16 when it comes to pain the cyrenaics held the opinion that pain that occurs suddenly is more difficult to endure than pain that can be foreseen 17 however some actions that give immediate pleasure can create more than their equivalent of pain the wise person should be in control of pleasures rather than be enslaved to them otherwise pain will result and this ability requires judgement to evaluate the different pleasures of life 4 regard should be paid to law and custom because even though these things have no intrinsic value on their own violating them will lead to unpleasant penalties being imposed by others 1 likewise friendship and justice are useful because of the pleasure they provide 1 thus the cyrenaics believed in the hedonistic value of social obligation and altruistic behavior like many of the leading modern utilitarians they combined with their psychological distrust of popular judgments of right and wrong and their firm conviction that all such distinctions are based solely on law and convention the equally unwavering principle that the wise person who would pursue pleasure logically must abstain from that which is usually thought wrong or unjust this idea which occupies a prominent position in systems like those of jeremy bentham 1 volney and even william paley was clearly of prime importance to the cyrenaics 18 legacy edit the cyrenaic ideal was alien to christianity and in general subsequent thinkers found it an ideal of hopeless pessimism 18 see also edit existential nihilism pleasure principle psychology charvaka subjective idealism notes edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 annas 1995 p 229 235 aristocles ap eusebius praeparatio evangelica xiv 18 1 2 reale catan 1986 p 271 272 1 2 3 4 5 copleston 2003 p 121 123 lampe 2017 p 12 lampe 2017 pp 19 20 long 2005 p 633 long 2005 p 637 1 2 long 2005 p 639 éric volant culture et mort volontaire quoted in historical dictionary of ancient greek philosophy anthony preus rowman littlefield 2015 p 184 1 2 reale catan 1986 pp 274 275 annas 1995 p 229 235 1 2 copleston 2003 p 121 123 chisholm 1911 p 703 chisholm 1911 pp 703 704 cicero tusc v 52 1 2 chisholm 1911 p 704 references edit annas julia 1995 the morality of happiness oxford university press isbn 0 19 509652 5 this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain chisholm hugh ed 1911 cyrenaics encyclopædia britannica vol 7 11th ed cambridge university press pp 703 704 copleston frederick charles 2003 a history of philosophy book 1 continuum international isbn 0 8264 6895 0 lampe kurt 9 may 2017 the birth of hedonism the cyrenaic philosophers and pleasure as a way of life princeton university press isbn 978 0 691 17638 3 retrieved 27 may 2025 long a a 2005 the socratic legacy in algra keimpe barnes jonathon mansfeld jaap schofield malcolm eds the cambridge history of hellenistic philosophy cambridge university press isbn 0 521 61670 0 reale giovanni catan john r 1986 a history of ancient philosophy from the origins to socrates suny press isbn 0 88706 290 3 further reading edit tsouna voula 1998 the epistemology of the cyrenaic school cambridge university press isbn 0 521 62207 7 zilioli ugo 2012 the cyrenaics acumen publishing isbn 1 84465 290 4 external links edit cyrenaics resource handbook of cyrenaic resources primary and secondary o keefe tim cyrenaics in fieser james dowden bradley eds internet encyclopedia of philosophy issn 2161 0002 oclc 37741658 herbermann charles ed 1913 cyrenaic school of philosophy catholic encyclopedia new york robert appleton company v t e ancient greek schools of philosophy proto philosophy epimenides pherecydes seven sages thales solon pittacus bias periander cleobulus chilon pre socratic list ionian milesian thales anaximander anaximenes heraclitean heraclitus cratylus diogenes italian pythagorean pythagoras hippasus philolaus archytas lamiskos alcmaeon brontinus theano damo calliphon hermotimus metrodorus of cos arignote myia eurytus more skeptic xenophanes xeniades eleatic parmenides zeno melissus hippo pluralist ionian anaxagoras archelaus metrodorus of lampsacus italian empedocles acron pausanias atomist leucippus democritus sophist ionian protagoras prodicus hippias thrasymachus damon more italian gorgias callicles lycophron dionysodorus euthydemus more classical socrates students xenophon cynic antisthenes diogenes crates menippus more cyrenaic aristippus aristippus the younger theodorus the atheist hegesias of cyrene anniceris more eretrian phaedo of elis menedemus asclepiades of phlius megarian euclid of megara ichthyas thrasymachus of corinth eubulides stilpo nicarete pasicles bryson dialecticians clinomachus apollonius cronus euphantus dionysius diodorus cronus philo alexinus panthoides platonic plato speusippus xenocrates more peripatetic aristotle aristotelianism theophrastus strato of lampsacus lyco of troas alexander of aphrodisias more hellenistic pyrrhonist pyrrho timon of phlius aenesidemus agrippa the skeptic sextus empiricus more stoic zeno of citium cleanthes chrysippus panaetius posidonius seneca lucius annaeus cornutus musonius rufus epictetus arrian marcus aurelius more epicurean epicurus metrodorus zeno of sidon philodemus lucretius diogenes of oenoanda more academic skeptic arcesilaus carneades philo of larissa cicero more middle platonist antiochus eudorus of alexandria philo of alexandria plutarch gaius apuleius alcinous galen more neopythagorean nigidius figulus apollonius of tyana moderatus of gades nicomachus numenius of apamea more neoplatonist ammonius saccas plotinus students origen porphyry iamblichus julian plutarch of athens syrianus proclus ammonius hermiae damascius simplicius more second sophistic nicetes of smyrna dio chrysostom favorinus lucian philostratus more v t e philosophical skepticism types local moral pseudoskepticism radical religious jewish skeptics scientific solipsism philosophers indian sanjaya belatthiputta jayarāśi bhaṭṭa ajñana charvaka pre socratic xenophanes xeniades atomist metrodorus of chios anaxarchus nausiphanes academic skeptics arcesilaus diocles of cnidus lacydes telecles and evander hegesinus carneades hagnon of tarsus metrodorus of stratonicea aristanax clitomachus charmadas aeschines of neapolis philo of larissa cicero gaius aurelius cotta dio of alexandria simon foucher pyrrhonists pyrrho of elis timon agrippa sextus empiricus aenesidemus favorinus william chillingworth richard popkin robert fogelin benson mates scholasticism nicholas of autrecourt renaissance montaigne pierre charron francisco sanches uriel da costa pierre bayle humean david hume gottlob ernst schulze william drummond peter unger concepts acatalepsy aporia cartesian doubt epoché suspension of judgment ignoramus et ignorabimus skeptical scenarios brain in a vat dream argument evil demon five minute hypothesis münchhausen trilemma problem of the criterion problem of induction regress argument simulation hypothesis wax argument responses cogito ergo sum here is one hand semantic externalism process reliabilism epistemic closure contextualism relativism literature barhaspatya sutras academica cicero outlines of pyrrhonism against the dogmatists against the mathematicians essays montaigne discourse on the method a treatise of human nature aenesidemus authority control databases international gnd national united states france bnf data israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title cyrenaics oldid 1306737746 categories cyrenaic school philosophical skepticism schools and traditions in hellenistic philosophy hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles containing ancient greek to 1453 language text wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 encyclopaedia b...