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ict with athens 4 children 5 see also 6 references toggle the table of contents darius ii 55 languages العربية مصرى azərbaycanca български català čeština cymraeg deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 lietuvių latviešu malagasy مازِرونی nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt winaray yorùbá 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia king of kings of the achaemenid empire from 423 to 405 4 bc this article is about the ancient king of the achaemenid empire for other uses see darius ii disambiguation darius ii 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 darius ii as depicted on his tomb in naqsh e rostam king of kings of the achaemenid empire reign 423 404 bc predecessor sogdianus successor artaxerxes ii pharaoh of egypt reign 423 404 bc predecessor sogdianus successor amyrtaeus died 404 bc spouse parysatis issue artaxerxes ii cyrus the younger ostanes dynasty achaemenid father artaxerxes i mother cosmartidene of babylon religion ancient iranian religion darius ii old persian 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 dārayavaʰuš ancient greek δαρεῖος dareios also known by his given name ochus greek ὦχος ochos was king of kings of the achaemenid empire from 423 bc to 405 1 or 404 bc 2 following the death of artaxerxes i in 424 bc or 423 bc there was a struggle for power between his sons the victor ochus adopted the name darius greek sources often call him darius nothos bastard in reference to his unattested lineage 3 his reign was marked by a series of revolts by various satraps and involvement in the greek peloponnesian war it seems that darius ii was quite dependent on his wife parysatis in excerpts from ctesias some harem intrigues are recorded in which he played a disreputable part 2 the elephantine papyri mention darius ii as a contemporary of the high priest johanan of ezra 6 10 4 5 darius ii is potentially mentioned in the books of haggai zechariah and ezra nehemiah of the hebrew bible the christian old testament there is some debate on whether these books refer to darius the great though rise to power edit location of darius ii in the achaemenid family tree texts from the babylonian murashu archive date the transition from artaxerxes i to darius ii between december 424 bc and february 423 bc these babylonian records do not reference any other contenders for the persian throne directly but classical greek and latin historians primarily ctesias of cnidus describe a struggle for power within the achamenid royal family darius ii received his royal name and recognition from supporters in babylon while his half brothers xerxes ii and sogdianus claimed authority elsewhere in the empire after just 45 days sogdianus orchestrated xerxes s assassination 3 darius quickly gathered support from influential figures in the persian empire including sogdianus s former cavalry commander arbarius satrap arsames of egypt the influential paphlagonian eunuch artoxares and possibly satrap hydarnes of armenia rather than fighting sogdianus darius and his wife and half sister parysatis arranged to negotiate when sogdianus arrived for negotiations he was seized and executed in a pit of hot ashes 6 7 soon after defeating his half brothers darius s full brother arsites rebelled for unclear reasons arsites was satrap of syria and had the support of artyphius son of the earlier rebel satrap megabyzus darius sent an army to confront his brother under the command of artasyrus a bactrian nobleman the rebels defeated artasyrus army in two engagements but they were defeated in a third after that defeat artasyrus bribed the greek mercenaries in arsites s army to surrender and captured artyphius artyphius was temporarily spared on parysatis advice to demonstrate the new regime s leniency when arsites surrendered he and artyphius were both executed with hot ashes as well 7 internal rebellions edit early in darius s reign pissuthnes the satrap of lydia also staged a revolt for unknown reasons pissuthnes employed the athenian general lycon to command greek mercenaries on his behalf while darius sent tissaphernes a younger son of hydarnes to combat the rebellion tissaphernes immediately sent a letter to lycon offering the greek mercenaries greater rewards if they turned on pissouthnes and joined tissaphernes army the rebellious satrap was forced to negotiate and surrender tissaphernes sent him back to persia to face execution and became the new satrap of lydia as a reward pissuthnes son amorges continued the rebellion with a band of mercenaries funded by athens in iasus darius may have been hesitant to pursue amorges in order to avoid conflict with athens but after the disastrous athenian expedition to sicily the king ordered tissaphernes and the neighboring satrap pharnabazus ii to defeat the rebels and exact tribute from athenian held territory in asia minor tissaphernes arranged an alliance with sparta and the spartan navy assisted the persians in defeating amorges and re taking iasus in 412 bc 6 soldiers of the empire on the tomb of darius ii after darius took power he arranged diplomatic marriages between his own family and that of hydarnes in armenia darius s eldest son arsaces the future artaxerxes ii married hydarnes s daughter stateira hydarnes son terituchmes married darius s daughter amestris when hydarnes died terituchmes inherited his position as satrap of armenia but came to resent his royal marriage according to ctesias the new satrap was in love with his own sister rhoxane and made plans to murder amestris and marry rhoxane instead terituchmes gathered 300 men to stuff amestris in a sack and stab her to death murdering a member of the royal family was an act of rebellion but before darius could mobilize against armenia an armenian nobleman udiastes offered to raise an army and put down the rebellion himself killing terituchmes and 37 of his assassins in the resulting battle udiastes s own son was one of the rebels and attempted to flee with one of terituchmes s sons to zaris but they were soon captured and executed as well armenia was temporarily governed by artasyrus as a king s eye before passing the province to his son orontes i 6 7 xenophon and diodorus siculus reference several other minor revolts in their works including conflict with the medes cadusians pisidians arabs and egyptians 6 conflict with athens edit as long as the power of athens remained intact darius did not meddle in greek affairs in 424 or 423 bc darius and the athenian emissary epilycus confirmed the peace between persia and athens either through a new agreement or a renewal of the peace of callias 6 8 when in 413 bc athens supported the rebel amorges in caria darius ii would not have responded had not the athenian power been broken in the same year at syracuse as a result of that event darius ii gave orders to his satraps in asia minor tissaphernes and pharnabazus to send in the overdue tribute of the greek towns and to begin a war with athens to support the war with athens the persian satraps entered into an alliance with sparta in 408 bc he sent his son cyrus to asia minor to carry on the war with greater energy darius ii may have expelled various greek dynasts who had been ruling cities in ionia pausanias wrote that the sons of themistocles which include archeptolis governor of magnesia appear to have returned to athens and that they dedicated a painting of themistocles in the parthenon and erected a bronze statue to artemis leucophryene the goddess of magnesia on the acropolis 9 10 11 they may have returned from asia minor in old age after 412 bc when the achaemenids took again firm control of the greek cities of asia and they may have been expelled by the achaemenid satrap tissaphernes sometime between 412 and 399 bc 9 in effect from 414 bc darius ii had started to resent increasing athenian power in the aegean and had tissaphernes enter into an alliance with sparta against athens which in 412 bc led to the persian conquest of the greater part of ionia 12 darius is said to have received the visit of greek athlete and olympic champion polydamas of skotoussa who made a demonstration of his strength by killing three immortals in front of the persian ruler 13 14 a sculpture representing the scene is visible in the museum of the history of the olympic games of antiquity 15 prospective tomb of darius ii in naqsh e rostam darius ii died in 404 bc in the nineteenth year of his reign and was followed as persian king by artaxerxes ii 2 children edit born of parysatis amestris the wife of terituchmes 7 artaxerxes ii cyrus the younger artostes 7 ostanes 7 oxathres or oxendares or oxendras 7 seven other unnamed children died in childhood 7 with an unknown mother the unnamed satrap of media at 401 b c see also edit artoxares kay darab references edit brill s new pauly darius 1 2 3 one or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain meyer eduard 1911 darius in chisholm hugh ed encyclopædia britannica vol 7 11th ed cambridge university press p 833 1 2 stolper matthew w 1985 entrepreneurs and empire the muras̆û archive the muras̆û firm and persian rule in babylonia uitgaven van het nederlands historisch archaeologisch instituut te istanbul publications de l institut historique et archéologique néerlandais de stamboul istanbul nederlands historisch archaeologisch instituut te istanbul pp 118 120 isbn 978 90 6258 054 5 pritchard james b ed ancient near eastern texts relating to the old testament princeton university press third edition with supplement 1969 p 492 bezalel porten author j j farber author c j f martin author g vittmann author the elephantine papyri in english documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui book 22 koninklijke brill nv the netherlands 1996 p 125 153 1 2 3 4 5 briant pierre 2002 from cyrus to alexander a history of the persian empire winona lake in eisenbrauns pp 588 597 isbn 978 1 57506 574 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 llewellyn jones lloyd robson james 2009 ctesias history of persia tales of the orient routledge classical translations milton park abingdon oxon new york routledge pp 193 196 isbn 978 1 134 22046 5 blamire alec 1975 epilycus negotiations with persia phoenix 29 1 21 26 doi 10 2307 1087581 issn 0031 8299 jstor 1087581 1 2 harvey david wilkins john 2002 the rivals of aristophanes studies in athenian old comedy isd llc p 200 isbn 9781910589595 paus 1 1 2 26 4 habicht christian 1998 pausanias guide to ancient greece university of california press p 5 isbn 9780520061705 smith william 1867 dictionary of greek and roman biography and mythology vol 3 boston little brown pp 1154 1156 lynch james 2015 the ancient olympiads 776 bc to 393 ad warwick press inc p 141 isbn 9781987944006 permanent dead link valavanēs panos 2004 games and sanctuaries in ancient greece olympia delphi isthmia nemea athens kapon editions p 433 isbn 9789607037435 ministry of culture and sports museum of the history of the olympic games of antiquity wikimedia commons has media related to darius ii darius ii achaemenid dynasty died 404 bc preceded by satrap of hyrcania 423 bc succeeded by preceded by sogdianus king of kings of persia 423 404 bc succeeded by artaxerxes ii pharaoh of egypt xxvii dynasty 423 404 bc succeeded by amyrtaeus v t e rulers in the achaemenid empire family tree achaemenid kingdom kings of kings of the achaemenid empire achaemenes ariaramnes arsames teispes cyrus i cambyses i cyrus the great cambyses ii bardiya darius the great xerxes i artaxerxes i xerxes ii sogdianus darius ii artaxerxes ii mnemon artaxerxes iii ochus artaxerxes iv arses darius iii codomannus artaxerxes v bessus satraps of lydia tabalus mazares harpagus oroetus bagaeus otanes artaphernes i artaphernes ii pissuthnes tissaphernes cyrus the younger tissaphernes tithraustes tiribazus struthas autophradates spithridates satraps of hellespontine phrygia mitrobates megabazus megabates oebares ii artabazus i pharnabazus i pharnaces ii pharnabazus ii ariobarzanes artabazus ii pharnabazus iii arsites satraps of cappadocia datames ariamnes i mithrobuzanes ariarathes i greek governors of asia minor cities miltiades demaratus gongylos eurysthenes prokles histiaeus aristagoras themistocles archeptolis aridolis amyntas ii philiscus dynasts of lycia kheziga kybernis kuprlli harpagus teththiweibi kheriga kherei arbinas artembares artumpara mithrapata perikle dynasts of caria lygdamis i artemisia pisindelis lygdamis ii adusius satrap hecatomnus mausolus artemisia ii idrieus ada pixodarus orontobates kings of macedonia amyntas i of macedon alexander i of macedon kings of tyre mattan iv boulomenus abdemon evagoras azemilcus kings of sidon eshmunazar i tabnit eshmunazar ii queen amoashtart regent bodashtart yatonmilk anysos tetramnestos baalshillem i baana baalshillem ii abdashtart i tennes evagoras ii abdashtart ii abdashtart iii satraps of armenia artasyrus orontes i darius iii orontes ii satraps of egypt aryandes pherendates achaemenes arsames pherendates ii sabaces mazaces satraps of bactria hystaspes dadarsi masistes bessus satraps of media hydarnes hydarnes the younger atropates satraps of cilicia syennesis iii pharnabazus ii camisares mazaeus arsames other known satraps megabyzus abrocomas belesys i belesys ii syria ochus hyrcania satibarzanes aria atizyes greater phrygia phrataphernes parthia ariobarzanes persis abulites susiana mazaeus babylon in most territories achaemenid rulers were succeeded by hellenistic satraps and hellenistic rulers from around 330 bc v t e median and achaemenid kings family tree median 728 550 bc deioces phraortes madyes cyaxares astyages cyaxares ii achaemenid 550 330 bc achaemenes ariaramnes arsames teispes cyrus i cambyses i cyrus the great cyrus ii cambyses ii smerdis gaumata darius the great darius i xerxes the great xerxes i artabanus artaxerxes i xerxes ii sogdianus darius ii nothus artaxerxes ii mnemon cyrus the younger artaxerxes iii ochus artaxerxes iv arses darius iii codomannus artaxerxes v bessus italics indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary v t e pharaohs protodynastic to first intermediate period 3150 2040 bc period dynasty pharaohs male female uncertain protodynastic pre 3150 bc lower hedju hor ny hor ni neith hat hor pu hsekiu khayu tiu thesh neheb wazner mekh a double falcon wash upper a finger snail fish elephant stork taurus scorpion i crocodile iry hor ka scorpion ii narmer menes early dynastic 3150 2686 bc i n...