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network packet wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 terminology 2 architecture 3 framing 4 contents 5 examples toggle examples subsection 5 1 internet protocol 5 2 nasa deep space network 5 3 mpeg packetized stream 5 4 nicam 6 see also 7 references toggle the table of contents network packet 42 languages العربية azərbaycanca български বাংলা català کوردی čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά español euskara فارسی suomi français gaeilge galego עברית magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 қазақша 한국어 latviešu македонски bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål polski português русский simple english slovenčina shqip svenska kiswahili türkçe українська اردو 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from data packet formatted unit of data carried by a packet switched network this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources network packet news newspapers books scholar jstor august 2014 learn how and when to remove this message in telecommunications and computer networking a network packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet switched network a packet consists of control information and user data 1 the latter is also known as the payload control information provides data for delivering the payload e g source and destination network addresses error detection codes or sequencing information typically control information is found in packet headers and trailers in packet switching the bandwidth of the transmission medium is shared between multiple communication sessions in contrast to circuit switching in which circuits are preallocated for the duration of one session and data is typically transmitted as a continuous bit stream terminology edit in the seven layer osi model of computer networking packet strictly refers to a protocol data unit at layer 3 the network layer 2 a data unit at layer 2 the data link layer is a frame in layer 4 the transport layer the data units are segments and datagrams thus in the example of tcp ip communication over ethernet a tcp segment is carried in one or more ip packets which are each carried in one or more ethernet frames architecture edit the basis of the packet concept is the postal letter the header is like the envelope the payload is the entire content inside the envelope and the footer would be the signature at the bottom 3 network design can achieve two major results by using packets error detection and multiple host addressing 4 framing edit communications protocols use various conventions for distinguishing the elements of a packet and for formatting the user data for example in point to point protocol the packet is formatted in 8 bit bytes and special characters are used to delimit elements other protocols like ethernet establish the start of the header and data elements by their location relative to the start of the packet some protocols format the information at a bit level instead of a byte level 5 contents edit a packet may contain any of the following components addresses the routing of network packets requires two network addresses the source address of the sending host and the destination address of the receiving host 6 error detection and correction error detection and correction is performed at various layers in the protocol stack network packets may contain a checksum parity bits or cyclic redundancy checks to detect errors that occur during transmission 6 at the transmitter the calculation is performed before the packet is sent when received at the destination the checksum is recalculated and compared with the one in the packet if discrepancies are found the packet may be corrected or discarded any packet loss due to these discards is dealt with by the network protocol in some cases modifications of the network packet may be necessary while routing in which case checksums are recalculated hop limit under fault conditions packets can end up traversing a closed circuit if nothing was done eventually the number of packets circulating would build up until the network was congested to the point of failure time to live is a field that is decreased by one each time a packet goes through a network hop if the field reaches zero routing has failed and the packet is discarded 6 ethernet packets have no time to live field and so are subject to broadcast storms in the presence of a switching loop length there may be a field to identify the overall packet length however in some types of networks the length is implied by the duration of the transmission 6 protocol identifier it is often desirable to carry multiple communication protocols on a network a protocol identifier field specifies a packet s protocol and allows the protocol stack to process many types of packets priority some networks implement quality of service which can prioritize some types of packets above others this field indicates which packet queue should be used a high priority queue is emptied more quickly than lower priority queues at points in the network where congestion is occurring 6 payload in general the payload is the data that is carried on behalf of an application it is usually of variable length up to a maximum that is set by the network protocol and sometimes the equipment on the route when necessary some networks can break a larger packet into smaller packets 6 examples edit internet protocol edit ip packets are composed of a header and payload the header consists of fixed and optional fields the payload appears immediately after the header an ip packet has no trailer however an ip packet is often carried as the payload inside an ethernet frame which has its own header and trailer per the end to end principle ip networks do not provide guarantees of delivery non duplication or in order delivery of packets however it is common practice to layer a reliable transport protocol such as transmission control protocol on top of the packet service to provide such protection nasa deep space network edit the consultative committee for space data systems ccsds packet telemetry standard defines the protocol used for the transmission of spacecraft instrument data over the deep space channel under this standard an image or other data sent from a spacecraft instrument is transmitted using one or more packets mpeg packetized stream edit packetized elementary stream pes is a specification associated with the mpeg 2 standard that allows an elementary stream to be divided into packets the elementary stream is packetized by encapsulating sequential data bytes from the elementary stream between pes packet headers a typical method of transmitting elementary stream data from a video or audio encoder is to first create pes packets from the elementary stream data and then to encapsulate these pes packets inside an mpeg transport stream ts packets or an mpeg program stream ps the ts packets can then be transmitted using broadcasting techniques such as those used in an atsc and dvb nicam edit in order to provide mono compatibility the nicam signal is transmitted on a subcarrier alongside the sound carrier this means that the fm or am regular mono sound carrier is left alone for reception by monaural receivers the nicam packet except for the header is scrambled with a nine bit pseudo random bit generator before transmission making the nicam bitstream look more like white noise is important because this reduces signal patterning on adjacent tv channels see also edit anti replay fast packet switching mangled packet packet analyzer packet generation model statistical time division multiplexing tail drop references edit stallings william 2001 glossary business data communication 4 ed upper saddle river new jersey usa prentice hall inc p 632 isbn 0 13 088263 1 packet a group of bits that includes data plus control information generally refers to a network layer osi layer 3 protocol data unit osi model understanding the osi reference model an analogy the tcp ip guide archived from the original on 2014 08 09 retrieved 2014 08 09 chapter 5 link layer www msc uky edu archived from the original on 2021 10 23 retrieved 2021 10 23 computer networking principles protocols and practice cnp3www 2014 documentation www computer networking info archived from the original on 2024 04 23 retrieved 2024 08 05 1 2 3 4 5 6 network packet fundamental unit of information network encyclopedia 2019 09 22 network packet content archived from the original on 2024 08 05 retrieved 2024 08 05 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title network_packet oldid 1375617626 categories units of information packets information technology hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from august 2014 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 18 september 2026 at 22 55 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia 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