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04 was established with the aim of having more women involved in development debian also partnered with outreachy which offers internships to individuals with underrepresented identities in technology 170 development edit upstream packaging package upload incoming checks unstable migration testing freeze frozen release stable flowchart of the life cycle of a debian package each software package has a maintainer that may be either one person or a team of debian developers and non developer maintainers 171 172 the maintainer keeps track of upstream releases and ensures that the package coheres with the rest of the distribution and meets the standards of quality of debian packages may include modifications introduced by debian to achieve compliance with debian policy even to fix non debian specific bugs although coordination with upstream developers is advised 173 the maintainer releases a new version by uploading the package to the incoming system which verifies the integrity of the packages and their digital signatures if the package is found to be valid it is installed in the package archive into an area called the pool and distributed every day to hundreds of mirrors worldwide as of april 5 2025 there were a total of 379 debian mirrors operating 93 the upload must be signed using openpgp compatible software all debian developers have individual cryptographic key pairs 174 developers are responsible for any package they upload even if the packaging was prepared by another contributor 175 initially an accepted package is only available in the unstable branch for a package to become a candidate for the next release it must migrate to the testing branch by meeting the following 176 it has been in unstable for a certain length of time that depends on the urgency of the changes it does not have release critical bugs except for the ones already present in testing release critical bugs are those considered serious enough that they make the package unsuitable for release there are no outdated versions in unstable for any release ports the migration does not break any packages in testing its dependencies can be satisfied by packages already in testing or by packages being migrated at the same time the migration is not blocked by a freeze thus a release critical bug in a new version of a shared library on which many packages depend may prevent those packages from entering testing because the updated library must meet the requirements too 177 from the branch viewpoint the migration process happens twice per day rendering testing in perpetual beta periodically the release team publishes guidelines to the developers in order to ready the release a new release occurs after a freeze when all important software is reasonably up to date in the testing branch and any other significant issues are solved at that time all packages in the testing branch become the new stable branch although freeze dates are time based 66 release dates are not which are announced by the release managers a couple of weeks beforehand 178 a version of a package can belong to more than one branch usually testing and unstable it is possible for a package to keep the same version between stable releases and be part of oldstable stable testing and unstable at the same time 179 each branch can be seen as a collection of pointers into the package pool mentioned above 115 one way to resolve the challenge of a release critical bug in a new application version is the use of optional package managers they allow software developers to use sandbox environments while at the same time remaining in control of security 180 181 another benefit of a cross distribution package manager is that they allow application developers to directly provide updates to users without going through distributions and without having to package and test the application separately for each distribution 182 release cycle edit a new stable branch of debian is released about every 2 years it will receive official support for about 3 years with update for major security or usability fixes point releases will be available every several months as determined by stable release managers srm 183 debian also launched its long term support lts project since debian 6 squeeze for each debian release it will receive two years of extra security updates provided by lts team after its end of life eol however no point releases will be made now each debian release can receive 5 years of security support in total 184 security edit the debian project handles security through public disclosure debian security advisories are compatible with the common vulnerabilities and exposures dictionary are usually coordinated with other free software vendors and are published the same day a vulnerability is made public 185 186 there used to be a security audit project that focused on packages in the stable release looking for security bugs 187 steve kemp who started the project retired in 2011 but resumed his activities and applied to rejoin in 2014 188 the stable branch is supported by the debian security team oldstable is supported for one year although squeeze was not officially supported debian coordinated an effort to provide long term support for ia 32 and x86 64 platforms until february 2016 five years after the initial release 189 testing is supported by the testing security team but does not receive updates in as timely a manner as stable 190 unstable s security is left for the package maintainers 114 the debian project offers documentation and tools to harden a debian installation both manually and automatically 191 apparmor support is available and enabled by default since buster 83 debian provides an optional hardening wrapper and does not harden all of its software by default using gcc features such as pie and buffer overflow protection unlike operating systems such as openbsd 192 but tries to build as many packages as possible with hardening flags 193 branding edit the official logo also known as open use logo that contains the well known debian swirl debian has two logos the official logo also known as open use logo contains the well known debian swirl and is the visual identity of the debian project a separate logo also exists for use by the debian project and its members only 194 the debian swirl logo was designed by raul silva 195 in 1999 as part of a contest to replace the semi official logo that had been used 196 the winner of the contest received an debian org email address and a set of debian 2 1 install cds for the architecture of their choice initially the swirl was magic smoke arising from an also included bottle of an arabian style genie presented in black profile but shortly after was reduced to the red smoke swirl for situations where space or multiple colours were not an option and before long the bottle version effectively was superseded disputed discuss there has been no official statement from the debian project on the logo s meaning but at the time of the logo s selection it was suggested that the logo represented the magic smoke that made computers work 197 198 199 one theory about the origin of the debian logo is that buzz lightyear the chosen character for the first named debian release has a swirl in his chin 200 201 stefano zacchiroli also suggested that this swirl is the debian one 202 buzz lightyear s swirl is a more likely candidate as the codenames for debian are names of toy story characters the former debian project leader bruce perens used to work for pixar and is credited as a studio tools engineer on toy story 2 1999 institutional users edit debian is used by several institutions such as many universities ngos and other non profit organizations including the wikimedia foundation 203 and commercial companies 204 it has even been used in space in laptops on board the international space station 205 debian has been very helpful to numerous government agencies in the public sector such as in the city of munich which used a debian based distribution in its limux initiative for the government computer migration to linux 206 schools in extremadura and andalusia spain also utilized debian based systems gnulinex and guadalinex respectively to develop digital skills and open source computing in schools 207 208 there are many other cases of usage of debian based distributions in education such as the deployment of skolelinux debian edu in norwegian schools 209 in addition other public administrations use linux systems indirectly based on debian such as french gendarmerie which uses ubuntu derived gendbuntu distribution 210 the five distros that changed linux derivatives edit further information list of linux distributions debian based debian is one of the most popular linux distributions and many other distributions have been created from the debian codebase 211 as of 2025 update distrowatch lists 141 active debian derivatives 212 the debian project provides its derivatives with guidelines for best practices and encourages derivatives to merge their work back into debian 213 214 among the most notable of these distributions are ubuntu developed by canonical and first released in 2004 which has surpassed debian in popularity with desktop users 215 knoppix first released in the year 2000 and one of the first distributions optimized to boot from external storage tails a distribution focused on privacy and security first released in 2009 and now part of the tor project 216 known especially among journalists after edward snowden used it during his 2013 disclosures 217 and devuan which gained attention in 2014 when it forked in disagreement over debian s adoption of the systemd software suite and has been mirroring debian releases since 2017 218 the linux mint debian edition has used debian stable as the software source base since 2014 flavors edit debian pure blends are subsets of a debian release configured out of the box for users with particular skills and interests for example debian jr is made for children while debian science is for researchers and scientists 219 the complete debian distribution includes all available debian pure blends 220 debian blend without pure is a term for a debian based distribution that strives to become part of mainstream debian and have its extra features included in future releases 221 debian gnu hurd edit logo of gnu hurd debian gnu hurd presenting the xfce desktop environment running on qemu debian gnu hurd is a flavor based on the hurd kernel which in turn runs on the gnu mach microkernel instead of the linux kernel debian gnu hurd has been in development since 1998 222 and made a formal release in may 2013 with 78 of the software packaged for debian ported to the gnu hurd 223 hurd is not yet an official debian release and is maintained and developed as an unofficial port debian gnu hurd is distributed as an installer cd running the official debian installer or ready to run virtual disk image live cd live usb the cd uses the ia 32 architecture making it compatible with ia 32 and x86 64 pcs 224 debian gnu kfreebsd edit logo of debian gnu kfreebsd debian gnu kfreebsd is a discontinued debian flavor 225 it used the freebsd kernel and gnu userland the majority of software in debian gnu kfreebsd was built from the same sources as debian with some kernel packages from freebsd the k in kfreebsd is an abbreviation for kernel which refers to the freebsd kernel before discontinuing the project debian maintained i386 and amd64 ports the last version of debian kfreebsd was debian 8 jessie rc3 debian gnu kfreebsd was created in 2002 226 it was included in debian 6 0 squeeze as a technology preview and in debian 7 wheezy as an official port citation needed debian gnu kfreebsd was discontinued as an officially supported platform as of debian 8 debian developers cited oss pf jails ndis and zfs as reasons for being interested in the freebsd kernel 227 it has not been officially updated since debian 8 228 however starting in july 2019 the operating system continued to be maintained unofficially as of july 2023 the development of debian gnu kfreebsd has officially terminated due to the lack of interest and developers 229 see also edit linux portal free and open source software portal armbian comparison of linux distributions comparison of mobile operating systems debian version history gnu variants list of debian project leaders list of open source mobile phones mobian references edit updated debian 13 13 7 released september 12 2026 retrieved september 20 2026 evenden ian october 13 2022 debian 14 to be named forky won t arrive until 2027 tom s hardware retrieved may 19 2026 debian 13 trixie released debian august 9 2025 retrieved may 19 2026 the number 78 is wrong because the page that lists the translations references norwegian nynorsk twice debian installer languages support statistics and translators debian installer retrieved may 19 2026 1 2 2 what s new in debian 13 debian release notes 2025 retrieved may 19 2026 news about debian gnu hurd debian august 10 2025 retrieved september 25 2026 details of package task desktop in trixie debian packages retrieved may 19 2026 metapackage used by tasksel in debian installer to pull a desktop environment 1 7 how does one pronounce debian and what does this word mean debian retrieved may 20 2026 1 2 3 4 chapter 1 introduction what is the debian project debian retrieved may 20 2026 what is debian debian retrieved may 20 2026 peacock graeme august 18 2025 these are the 7 oldest linux distros still being developed how to geek retrieved may 20 2026 byfield bruce october 2020 distro walk debian derivatives linux magazine retrieved may 20 2026 computer operating systems stack overflow 2025 retrieved may 22 2026 willie december 15 2025 linux distribution market share command linux retrieved may 22 2026 debian project leader debian retrieved may 20 2026 1 2 debian social contract debian october 1 2022 retrieved may 20 2026 1 2 the foundation documents the debian administrator s handbook retrieved may 20 2026 1 2 3 debian constitution debian march 26 2022 retrieved may 20 2026 1 2 debian 13 trixie released debian august 9 2025 retrieved june 17 2026 debian contributors list debian retrieved may 20 2026 2 2 10 desktops and well known packages debian retrieved may 20 2026 1 2 spi software in the public interest retrieved may 20 2026 debian software in the public interest 2025 retrieved may 20 2026 1 2 perens bruce april 30 1996 debian and fsf debian announce mailing list retrieved august 5 2026 1 2 weisshaus melissa chassel robert j tower leonard h jr july 21 1996 fsf and debian separate amicably gnu retrieved may 20 2026 edge jake july 3 2019 debian and code names lwn net retrieved may 22 2026 6 2 2 where do these codenames come from debian documentation retrieved may 22 2026 murdoch ian august 16 1993 new release under development suggestions requested fellow linuxers this is just to announce the imminent completion of a brand new linux re...