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ticipate in a project and need the latest libraries available and by those who prefer bleeding edge software 40 other branches in debian oldstable is the prior stable release it is supported by the debian security team for one year after a new stable is released and then for another two years through the long term support project 114 eventually oldstable is moved to a repository for archived releases experimental is a temporary staging area of highly experimental software that is likely to break the system it is not a full distribution and missing dependencies are commonly found in unstable where new software without the damage risk is normally uploaded 115 the snapshot archive provides older versions of the branches they may be used to install a specific older version of some software 116 numbering scheme edit stable and oldstable get minor updates called point releases the numbering scheme for the point releases up to debian 4 0 etch was to include the letter r for revision 117 after the main version number and then the number of the point release for example the latest point release of version 4 0 is 4 0r9 118 this scheme was chosen because a new dotted version would make the old one look obsolete and vendors would have trouble selling their cds 119 from debian 5 0 lenny the numbering scheme of point releases was changed conforming to the gnu version numbering standard 120 the first point release of debian 5 0 was 5 0 1 instead of 5 0r1 121 the numbering scheme was once again changed for the first debian 7 wheezy update which was version 7 1 122 the r scheme is no longer in use but point release announcements include a note about not throwing away old installation media 123 hardware edit hardware requirements are at least those of the kernel and the gnu toolsets 124 debian s recommended system requirements depend on the level of installation which corresponds to increased numbers of installed components type minimum ram size recommended ram size minimum processor clock speed ia 32 hard drive capacity non desktop 512 mb 1 gb 4gb desktop 1gb 2gb 1ghz 10gb the real minimum memory requirements depend on the architecture and may be much less than the numbers listed in this table it is possible to install debian with 170mb of ram for x86 64 the installer will run in low memory mode and it is recommended to create a swap partition 125 the installer for z architecture requires about 20mb of ram but relies on network hardware 126 similarly disk space requirements which depend on the packages to be installed can be reduced by manually selecting the packages needed it is possible to run graphical user interfaces on older or low end systems however installing window managers instead of desktop environments is recommended as desktop environments use more resources requirements for individual software vary widely and must be considered with those of the base operating environment 127 architectures edit as of 9 august 2025 update the trixie release the instruction set architecture officially supported are amd64 x86 64 64 bit arm64 armv8 64 bit armel armv5 32 bit for use on legacy embedded systems 128 support dropped from unstable on 2025 11 03 129 armhf armv7 32 bit requires a floating point unit ppc64el powerpc 64 bit for use with power7 and power8 cpus riscv64 risc v 64 bit s390x z architecture 64 bit 5 unofficial ports are available as part of the unstable distribution alpha dec alpha hppa hp pa risc hurd i386 gnu hurd kernel on ia 32 hurd amd64 gnu hurd kernel on x86 64 i386 ia 32 32 bit compatible with x86 machines 124 loong64 loongarch 130 mips64el mips 64 bit m68k motorola 68k on amiga atari macintosh and various embedded vme systems powerpc powerpc 32 bit sh4 hitachi superh sparc64 sun sparc 64 bit x32 x32 abi for x86 64 131 debian supports a variety of arm based network attached storage nas devices the nslu2 was supported by the installer in debian 4 0 and 5 0 132 and martin michlmayr is providing installation tarballs since version 6 0 133 other supported nas devices are the buffalo kurobox pro glan tank thecus n2100 134 and qnap turbo stations 135 devices based on the kirkwood system on a chip soc are supported too such as the sheevaplug plug computer and openrd products 136 there are efforts to run debian on mobile devices but this is not a project goal yet since the debian linux kernel maintainers would not apply the needed patches 137 nevertheless packages exist for resource limited systems 138 there are efforts to support debian on wireless access points 139 debian is known to run on set top boxes 140 work is ongoing to support the am335x processor 141 which is used in electronic point of service solutions 142 debian may be customized to run on cash machines 143 beagleboard a low power open source hardware single board computer made by texas instruments has switched to debian linux preloaded on its beaglebone black board s flash roqos core a x86 64 based ips firewall router runs on debian linux organization edit general resolution elect override leader appoint delegate decide developer propose simplified organizational structure debian s policies and team efforts focus on collaborative software development and testing processes 144 as a result a new major release tends to occur every two years with revision releases that fix security issues and important problems 117 66 the debian project is a volunteer organization with two foundation documents the debian social contract defines a set of basic principles by which the project and its developers conduct affairs the debian free software guidelines define the criteria for free software and thus what software is permissible in the distribution these guidelines have been adopted as the basis of the open source definition although this document can be considered separate it formally is part of the social contract 16 the debian constitution describes the organizational structure for formal decision making within the project and enumerates the powers and responsibilities of the project leader the secretary and other roles 18 debian developer population year dd 1999 347 2000 347 0 0 2001 2002 939 2003 831 11 5 2004 911 9 6 2005 965 5 9 2006 972 0 7 2007 1 036 6 6 2008 1 075 3 8 2009 1 013 5 8 2010 886 12 5 2011 911 2 8 2012 948 4 1 2013 988 4 2 2014 1 003 1 5 2015 1 033 3 0 2016 1 023 1 0 2017 1 062 3 8 2018 1 001 5 7 2019 1 003 0 2 2020 1 011 0 8 2021 1 018 0 7 2022 1 023 0 5 2023 996 2 6 2024 1 010 1 4 2025 1 030 2 0 2026 1 039 0 9 source debian voting information debian developers are organized in a web of trust 145 there are about one thousand active debian developers 146 147 but it is possible to contribute to the project without being an official developer 148 the project maintains official mailing lists and conferences for communication and coordination between developers 149 for issues with single packages and other tasks 150 a public bug tracking system is used by developers and end users internet relay chat is also used for communication among developers and to provide real time help 151 debian is supported by donations made to organizations authorized by the leader the largest supporter is software in the public interest the owner of the debian trademark manager of the monetary donations 152 and umbrella organization for various other community free software projects 9 a project leader is elected once per year by the developers the leader has special powers but they are not absolute and appoints delegates to perform specialized tasks delegates make decisions as they think is best taking into account technical criteria and consensus by way of a general resolution the developers may recall the leader reverse a decision made by the leader or a delegate amend foundation documents and make other binding decisions the voting method is based on the schulze method cloneproof schwartz sequential dropping 153 debian project leaders 154 this box view talk edit 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 ian murdock bruce perens ian jackson wichert akkerman ben collins bdale garbee martin michlmayr branden robinson anthony towns sam hocevar steve mcintyre stefano zacchiroli lucas nussbaum neil mcgovern mehdi dogguy chris lamb sam hartman jonathan carter andreas tille sruthi chandran project leadership is distributed occasionally branden robinson was helped by the project scud a team of developers that assisted the leader 155 but there were concerns that such leadership would split debian into two developer classes 156 anthony towns created a supplemental position second in charge 2ic that shared some powers of the leader 157 steve mcintyre was 2ic and had a 2ic himself 158 one important role in debian s leadership is that of a release manager 159 the release team sets goals for the next release supervises the processes and decides when to release the team is led by the next release managers and stable release managers 160 release assistants were introduced in 2003 161 developers edit the debian project has an influx of applicants wishing to become developers 162 these applicants must undergo a vetting process which establishes their identity motivation understanding of the project s principles and technical competence 163 this process has become much harder throughout the years 164 debian developers join the project for many reasons some that have been cited include debian is their main operating system and they want to promote debian 165 to improve the support for their favorite technology 166 they are involved with a debian derivative 167 a desire to contribute back to the free software community 168 to make their debian maintenance work easier 169 debian developers may resign their position at any time or when deemed necessary they can be expelled 18 those who follow the retiring protocol are granted emeritus status and may regain their membership via a shortened new member process debian has made efforts to diversify and have members represented from the community debian women in 2004 was established with the aim of having more women involved in development debian also partnered with outreachy which offers internships to individuals with underrepresented identities in technology 170 development edit upstream packaging package upload incoming checks unstable migration testing freeze frozen release stable flowchart of the life cycle of a debian package each software package has a maintainer that may be either one person or a team of debian developers and non developer maintainers 171 172 the maintainer keeps track of upstream releases and ensures that the package coheres with the rest of the distribution and meets the standards of quality of debian packages may include modifications introduced by debian to achieve compliance with debian policy even to fix non debian specific bugs although coordination with upstream developers is advised 173 the maintainer releases a new version by uploading the package to the incoming system which verifies the integrity of the packages and their digital signatures if the package is found to be valid it is installed in the package archive into an area called the pool and distributed every day to hundreds of mirrors worldwide as of april 5 2025 there were a total of 379 debian mirrors operating 93 the upload must be signed using openpgp compatible software all debian developers have individual cryptographic key pairs 174 developers are responsible for any package they upload even if the packaging was prepared by another contributor 175 initially an accepted package is only available in the unstable branch for a package to become a candidate for the next release it must migrate to the testing branch by meeting the following 176 it has been in unstable for a certain length of time that depends on the urgency of the changes it does not have release critical bugs except for the ones already present in testing release critical bugs are those considered serious enough that they make the package unsuitable for release there are no outdated versions in unstable for any release ports the migration does not break any packages in testing its dependencies can be satisfied by packages already in testing or by packages being migrated at the same time the migration is not blocked by a freeze thus a release critical bug in a new version of a shared library on which many packages depend may prevent those packages from entering testing because the updated library must meet the requirements too 177 from the branch viewpoint the migration process happens twice per day rendering testing in perpetual beta periodically the release team publishes guidelines to the developers in order to ready the release a new release occurs after a freeze when all important software is reasonably up to date in the testing branch and any other significant issues are solved at that time all packages in the testing branch become the new stable branch although freeze dates are time based 66 release dates are not which are announced by the release managers a couple of weeks beforehand 178 a version of a package can belong to more than one branch usually testing and unstable it is possible for a package to keep the same version between stable releases and be part of oldstable stable testing and unstable at the same time 179 each branch can be seen as a collection of pointers into the package pool mentioned above 115 one way to resolve the challenge of a release critical bug in a new application version is the use of optional package managers they allow software developers to use sandbox environments while at the same time remaining in control of security 180 181 another benefit of a cross distribution package manager is that they allow application developers to directly provide updates to users without going through distributions and without having to package and test the application separately for each distribution 182 release cycle edit a new stable branch of debian is released about every 2 years it will receive official support for about 3 years with update for major security or usability fixes point releases will be available every several months as determined by stable release managers srm 183 debian also launched its long term support lts project since debian 6 squeeze for each debian release it will receive two years of extra security updates provided by lts team after its end of life eol however no point releases will be made now each debian release can receive 5 years of security support in total 184 security edit the debian project handles security through public disclosure debian security advisories are compatible with the common vulnerabilities and exposures dictionary are usually coordinated with other free software vendors and are published the same day a vulnerability is made public 185 186 there used to be a security audit project tha...