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ual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related neapolitan language but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking sicilian gallo italic a language that developed in isolated lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the sicilian language today the majority of italian nationals are able to speak italian though many italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day to day language especially at home with family or when communicating with italians from the same town or region the balkans edit the classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent serbo croatian illustrates this point serbo croatian has two major formal variants serbian and croatian both are based on the shtokavian dialect and therefore mutually intelligible with differences found mostly in their respective local vocabularies and minor grammatical differences certain dialects of serbia torlakian and croatia kajkavian and chakavian however are not mutually intelligible even though they are usually subsumed under serbo croatian how these dialects should be classified in relation to shtokavian remains a matter of dispute macedonian which is largely mutually intelligible with bulgarian and certain dialects of serbo croatian torlakian is considered by bulgarian linguists to be a bulgarian dialect while in north macedonia it is regarded as a language in its own right before the establishment of a literary standard of macedonian in 1944 in most sources in and out of bulgaria before the second world war the south slavic dialect continuum covering the area of today s north macedonia were referred to as bulgarian dialects sociolinguists agree that the question of whether macedonian is a dialect of bulgarian or a language is a political one and cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis 60 61 lebanon edit see also lebanese arabic in lebanon a part of the christian population considers lebanese to be in some sense a distinct language from arabic and not merely a dialect thereof during the civil war christians often used lebanese arabic officially and sporadically used the latin script to write lebanese thus further distinguishing it from arabic all lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of arabic though parliamentary debate may be conducted in lebanese arabic malay edit see also malay language malay has a long history as a lingua franca indonesian and malay basantara in the malay archipelago which currently includes indonesia philippines malaysia brunei darussalam singapore east timor and the southern part of thailand this geographical variation which then spread widely even to south africa finally led to the formation of a malay language cluster which spread and had differences due to geographical conditions 62 the malay language is pluricentric and a macrolanguage i e several varieties of it are standardized as the national language bahasa kebangsaan or bahasa nasional of several nation states with various official names in malaysia it is designated as either bahasa malaysia malaysian or also bahasa melayu malay language in singapore and brunei it is called bahasa melayu malay language in indonesia an autonomous normative variety called bahasa indonesia indonesian language is designated the bahasa persatuan pemersatu unifying language or lingua franca whereas the term malay bahasa melayu is domestically restricted to vernacular varieties of malay indigenous to areas of central to southern sumatra and west kalimantan 63 ii north africa edit see also maghrebi arabic in tunisia algeria and morocco the darijas colloquial arabic varieties darija being from الدَّارِجَة ad dārija colloquial arabic are sometimes considered more different from other arabic dialects officially north african countries give preference to the literary arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it adherence to islam and refrain from declaring each country s specific variety to be a separate language because literary arabic is the liturgical language of islam and the language of the islamic sacred book the qur an although especially since the 1960s the darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries examples of cultural elements where darijas use became dominant include theatre film music television advertisement social media folk tale books and companies names ukraine edit the books of genesis of the ukrainian nation by mykola kostomarov the modern ukrainian language has been in common use since the late 17th century associated with the establishment of the cossack hetmanate in the 19th century the tsarist government of the russian empire claimed that ukrainian or little russian per official name was merely a dialect of russian or polonized dialect and not a language on its own same concept as for belarusian language that concepted was enrooted soon after the partitions of poland according to these claims the differences were few and caused by the conquest of western ukraine by the polish lithuanian commonwealth however in reality the dialects in ukraine were developing independently from the dialects in the modern russia for several centuries and as a result they differed substantially following the spring of nations in europe and efforts of the brotherhood of saints cyril and methodius across the so called southwestern krai of russian empire started to spread cultural societies of hromada and their sunday schools themselves hromadas acted in same manner as orthodox fraternities of polish lithuanian commonwealth back in 15th century around that time in ukraine becoming popular political movements narodnichestvo narodniks and khlopomanstvo moldova edit there have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes one example is moldovan in 1996 the moldovan parliament citing fears of romanian expansionism rejected a proposal from president mircea snegur to change the name of the language to romanian and in 2003 a moldovan romanian dictionary was published purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages linguists of the romanian academy reacted by declaring that all the moldovan words were also romanian words while in moldova the head of the academy of sciences of moldova ion bărbuţă described the dictionary as a politically motivated absurdity on 22 march 2023 the president of moldova maia sandu promulgated a law passed by parliament that named the national language as romanian in all legislative texts and the constitution 66 greater china edit main article varieties of chinese classification the hundreds of mutually unintelligible chinese languages contain thousands of dialects all are commonly referred to indiscriminately as dialects in english in the north and southwest of china the varieties are largely homogeneous with about 50 intelligibility between beijing and sichuan in the southeast the varieties are much more diverse the main language groups in the south gan xiang wu min yue and hakka each consist of numerous mutually unintelligible languages and even more regional dialects from the ming dynasty onward beijing has been the capital of china and the beijing dialect of mandarin has had the most prestige with the founding of the republic of china standard mandarin based on beijing dialect with some of its more idiosyncratic elements removed was designated the official language of the country replacing classical chinese other chinese languages and dialects are referred to as fangyan regional speech cantonese one of the yue languages is the most commonly spoken language in guangzhou hong kong macau and among some overseas chinese communities whereas shanghainese is dominant among the wu languages hokkien one of the min languages has been accepted in taiwan as an important local language alongside mandarin chinese languages other than classical chinese and standard mandarin are for the most part unwritten several regional languages most notably cantonese have a limited literary tradition some of these use the latin script with orthographies dating from the british missionary era and dungan in kazakhstan uses cyrillic but for the most part chinese languages are written in logographic chinese characters most of which they have in common making the gist of them intelligible to each other in writing though many grammatical words and much vocabulary differs however in the 1950s the written language diverged even for mandarin when the people s republic of china introduced simplified characters which are now used throughout the country traditional characters remain the norm in taiwan and some overseas communities hindi edit main article hindi a number of dialects and languages are classified as hindi dialects which is a social rather than linguistic concept standard hindi and standard urdu are based on khari boli the dialect spoken around delhi other dialects with high mutual intelligibility spoken in surrounding areas include haryanvi and languages from western uttar pradesh like braj bhasha but many languages less similar to standard hindi and that do not have official status under the 8th schedule to the constitution of india are classified as dialects of hindi 67 this includes bhojpuri spoken in eastern uttar pradesh and bihar which is objectively a distinct language 68 over time more and more languages have been recognized as distinct from hindi and so are no longer considered hindi dialects maithili was made a scheduled language of india in 2003 and chhattisgarhi was made official in chhattisgarh 69 see also edit accent perception chronolect colloquialism creole language dialect levelling dialectology dialectometry ethnolect eye dialect idiolect isogloss koiné language literary language nation language regional language register sociolinguistics sprachbund selected list of articles on dialects edit albanian dialects varieties of arabic bengali dialects catalan dialects varieties of chinese cypriot greek cypriot turkish danish dialects dutch dialects dialects of english list finnish dialects varieties of french georgian dialects german dialects connacht irish munster irish ulster irish italian dialects japanese dialects korean dialects varieties of malay malayalam languages norwegian dialects nguni languages dialects of polish portuguese dialects romanian dialects russian dialects slavic microlanguages slovenian dialects spanish dialects sri lankan tamil dialects swedish dialects yiddish dialects notes edit the word has multiple derivations middle french dialecte classical latin dialectos and ancient greek διάλεκτος diálektos discourse in turn derived from διά diá through and λέγω légō i speak 1 since the standardized varieties of indonesia malaysia brunei and singapore are structurally largely identical and 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