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antial amount decreed by legislative and or executive bodies as well 31 swiss citizens vote regularly on any kind of issue on every political level such as financial approvals of a schoolhouse or the building of a new street or the change of the policy regarding sexual work or on constitutional changes or on the foreign policy of switzerland four times a year 32 between january 1995 and june 2005 swiss citizens voted 31 times on 103 federal questions besides many more cantonal and municipal questions 33 during the same period french citizens participated in only two referendums 30 in switzerland simple majorities are sufficient at the municipal and cantonal level at the federal level double majorities are required on constitutional issues 23 a double majority requires approval by a majority of individuals voting and also by a majority of cantons thus in switzerland a citizen proposed amendment to the federal constitution i e popular initiative cannot be passed at the federal level if a majority of the people approve but a majority of the cantons disapprove 23 for referendums or propositions in general terms like the principle of a general revision of the constitution a majority of those voting is sufficient swiss constitution 2005 in 1890 when the provisions for swiss national citizen lawmaking were being debated by civil society and government the swiss adopted the idea of double majorities from the united states congress in which house votes were to represent the people and senate votes were to represent the states 23 according to its supporters this legitimacy rich approach to national citizen lawmaking has been very successful kris kobach former kansas elected official claims that switzerland has had tandem successes both socially and economically which are matched by only a few other nations kobach states at the end of his book too often observers deem switzerland an oddity among political systems it is more appropriate to regard it as a pioneer finally the swiss political system including its direct democratic devices in a multi level governance context becomes increasingly interesting for scholars of european union integration 34 united states edit main articles history of direct democracy in the united states and initiatives and referendums in the united states in the new england region of the united states towns in states such as vermont decide local affairs through the direct democratic process of the town meeting 35 this is the oldest form of direct democracy in the united states and predates the founding of the country by at least a century direct democracy was not what the framers of the united states constitution envisioned for the nation they thought it impractical for such a large country 36 37 and saw a danger in tyranny of the majority 38 as a result they advocated a representative democracy in the form of a constitutional republic over a direct democracy for example james madison in federalist no 10 advocates a constitutional republic over direct democracy precisely to protect the individual from the will of the majority he says those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society those who are creditors and those who are debtors fall under a like discrimination a landed interest a manufacturing interest a mercantile interest a moneyed interest with many lesser interests grow up of necessity in civilized nations and divide them into different classes actuated by different sentiments and views the regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the government a pure democracy by which i mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens who assemble and administer the government in person can admit no cure for the mischiefs of faction a common passion or interest will be felt by a majority and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party hence it is that democracies have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths 39 other framers spoke against pure democracy john witherspoon one of the signers of the declaration of independence said pure democracy cannot subsist long nor be carried far into the departments of state it is very subject to caprice and the madness of popular rage at the new york ratifying convention alexander hamilton was quoted saying that a pure democracy if it were practicable would be the most perfect government experience has proved that no position is falser than this the ancient democracies in which the people themselves deliberated never possessed one good feature of government their very character was tyranny their figure deformity 40 41 despite the framers intentions at the beginning of the republic ballot measures and their corresponding referendums have been widely used at the state and sub state level there is much state and federal case law from the early 1900s to the 1990s that protects the people s right to each of these direct democracy governance components magleby 1984 and zimmerman 1999 the first united states supreme court ruling in favor of the citizen lawmaking was in pacific states telephone and telegraph company v oregon 223 u s 118 in 1912 zimmerman december 1999 president theodore roosevelt in his charter of democracy speech to the ohio constitutional convention 1912 stated i believe in the initiative and referendum which should be used not to destroy representative government but to correct it whenever it becomes misrepresentative 42 in various states referendums through which the people rule include referrals by the legislature to the people of proposed constitutional amendments constitutionally used in 49 states excepting only delaware initiative referendum institute 2004 referrals by the legislature to the people of proposed statute laws constitutionally used in all 50 states initiative referendum institute 2004 constitutional amendment initiative is a constitutionally defined petition process of proposed constitutional law which if successful results in its provisions being written directly into the state s constitution since constitutional law cannot be altered by state legislatures this direct democracy component gives the people an automatic superiority and sovereignty over representative government magelby 1984 it is utilized at the state level in nineteen states arizona arkansas california colorado florida illinois louisiana massachusetts michigan mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada north dakota ohio oklahoma oregon and south dakota cronin 1989 among these states there are three main types of the constitutional amendment initiative with different degrees of involvement of the state legislature distinguishing between the types zimmerman december 1999 statute law initiative is a constitutionally defined citizen initiated petition process of proposed statute law which if successful results in law being written directly into the state s statutes the statute initiative is used at the state level in twenty one states alaska arizona arkansas california colorado idaho maine massachusetts michigan missouri montana nebraska nevada north dakota ohio oklahoma oregon south dakota utah washington and wyoming cronin 1989 in utah there is no constitutional provision for citizen lawmaking all of utah s i r law is in the state statutes zimmerman december 1999 in most states there is no special protection for citizen made statutes the legislature can begin to amend them immediately statute law referendum is a constitutionally defined citizen initiated petition process of the proposed veto of all or part of a legislature made law which if successful repeals the standing law it is used at the state level in twenty four states alaska arizona arkansas california colorado idaho kentucky maine maryland massachusetts michigan missouri montana nebraska nevada new mexico north dakota ohio oklahoma oregon south dakota utah washington and wyoming cronin 1989 the recall election is a citizen initiated process which if successful removes an elected official from office and replaces him or her the first recall device in the united states was adopted in los angeles in 1903 typically the process involves the collection of citizen petitions for the recall of an elected official if a sufficient number of valid signatures are collected and verified a recall election is triggered there have been four gubernatorial recall elections in u s history two of which resulted in the recall of the governor and 38 recall elections for state legislators 55 of which succeeded nineteen states and the district of columbia have a recall function for state officials additional states have recall functions for local jurisdictions some states require specific grounds for a recall petition campaign 43 statute law affirmation is available in nevada it allows the voters to collect signatures to place on the ballot a question asking the state citizens to affirm a standing state law should the law get affirmed by a majority of state citizens the state legislature will be barred from ever amending the law and it can be amended or repealed only if approved by a majority of state citizens in a direct vote 44 direct democracy by country edit main article referendums by country the strength of direct democracy in individual countries can be quantitatively compared by the citizen initiated component of direct popular vote index in v dem democracy indices 45 a higher index indicates more direct democracy popular initiatives and referendums shown below for individual countries only countries with index above 0 are shown country citizen initiated component of direct popular vote index for 2021 45 albania 0 077 bolivia 0 078 bulgaria 0 292 cape verde 0 072 colombia 0 041 costa rica 0 087 croatia 0 262 ecuador 0 073 georgia 0 054 hungary 0 242 italy 0 409 kazakhstan 0 032 kenya 0 042 kyrgyzstan 0 033 latvia 0 155 lithuania 0 191 luxembourg 0 038 malta 0 374 mexico 0 091 moldova 0 033 montenegro 0 048 new zealand 0 178 north macedonia 0 133 peru 0 249 philippines 0 094 romania 0 416 serbia 0 099 slovakia 0 334 slovenia 0 444 switzerland 0 841 taiwan 0 445 togo 0 037 uganda 0 048 ukraine 0 048 uruguay 0 766 democratic reform trilemma edit democratic theorists have identified a trilemma due to the presence of three desirable characteristics of an ideal system of direct democracy which are challenging to deliver all at once these three characteristics are participation widespread participation in the decision making process by the people affected deliberation a rational discussion where all major points of view are weighted according to evidence and equality all members of the population on whose behalf decisions are taken have an equal chance of having their views taken into account empirical evidence from dozens of studies suggests deliberation leads to better decision making 46 47 48 the most popularly disputed form of direct popular participation is the referendum on constitutional matters 49 for the system to respect the principle of political equality either everyone needs to be involved or there needs to be a representative random sample of people chosen to take part in the discussion in the definition used by scholars such as james fishkin deliberative democracy is a form of direct democracy which satisfies the requirement for deliberation and equality but does not make provision to involve everyone who wants to be included in the discussion participatory democracy by fishkin s definition allows inclusive participation and deliberation but at a cost of sacrificing equality because if widespread participation is allowed sufficient resources rarely will be available to compensate people who sacrifice their time to participate in the deliberation therefore participants tend to be those with a strong interest in the issue to be decided and often will not therefore be representative of the overall population 50 fishkin instead argues that random sampling should be used to select a small but still representative number of people from the general public 9 46 fishkin concedes it is possible to imagine a system that transcends the trilemma but it would require very radical reforms if such a system were to be integrated into mainstream politics relation to other movements edit practicing direct democracy voting on nuit debout place de la république paris for a more comprehensive list see list of direct democracy parties in schools edit main article democratic school democratic schools modeled on summerhill school resolve conflicts and make school policy decisions through full school meetings in which the votes of students and staff are weighted equally 51 see also edit politics portal anarcho communism citizens assembly deliberative democracy libertarian socialism liquid democracy participatory democracy participatory economics populism sociocracy sortition workers councils references edit caves r w 2004 encyclopedia of the city routledge p 181 budge ian 2001 direct democracy in clarke paul a b foweraker joe eds encyclopedia of political thought taylor francis isbn 9780415193962 1 2 3 4 smith graham 2009 democratic innovations designing institutions for citizen participation theories of institutional design cambridge cambridge university press pp 112 popular or citizens initiative legal designs navigator www direct democracy navigator org 1 2 3 hirschbühl 2011a 1 2 3 hirschbühl 2011b 1 2 3 hirschbühl 2011c 1 2 3 hirschbühl 2011d 1 2 fishkin 2011 chapters 2 3 vatter adrian 2000 consensus and direct democracy conceptual and empirical linkages european journal of political research 38 2 171 192 doi 10 1023 a 1007137026336 1 2 3 smith graham 2010 popular assemblies from new england town meetings to participatory budgeting democratic innovations designing institutions for citizen participation cambridge university press pp 30 31 isbn 978 1 13 479335 8 1 2 akçalı emel sep 2018 do popular assemblies contribute to genuine political change lessons from the park forums in istanbul south european society politics 23 3 323 340 doi 10 1080 13608746 2018 1437007 cherkaoui mohamed 29 october 2019 islam and democracy comparative analysis of individual and collective preferences essay on islamization changes in religious practice in muslim societies youth in a globalizing world volume 10 leiden brill published 2019 p 201 isbn 9789004415034 retrieved 27 june 2021 individuals muslims and non muslims greeks arabs berbers africans and amerindians have lived according to the principles of a type of direct democracy in their societies in the west since the great revolutions from the english in the 17th century the american and french of the end of the 18th century elites and then all the people have...