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ct are worse than sins of violence a key point that would be explored from canto xviii to the end of the inferno 54 christian edit the divine comedy s language is often derived from the phraseology of the vulgate this was the only translation of the bible dante had access to as it was one the vast majority of scribes were willing to copy during the middle ages this includes five hundred or so direct quotes and references dante derives from the bible or his memory of it dante also treats the bible as a final authority on any matter including on subjects scripture only approaches allegorically 55 the divine comedy is also a product of scholasticism especially as expressed by st thomas aquinas 56 57 this influence is most pronounced in the paradiso where the text s portrayals of god the beatific vision and substantial forms all align with scholastic doctrine 58 it is also in the paradiso that aquinas and fellow scholastic st bonaventure appear as characters introducing dante to all of heaven s wisest souls consequently the divine comedy has been called the summa in verse 59 despite all this there are issues on which dante diverges from the scholastic doctrine such as in his unbridled praise for poetry 60 the divine comedy belongs to the genre of katabasis 61 and was influenced by the fourth century apocalypse of paul which was an earlier work of katabasis 62 63 islamic edit dante lived in a europe of substantial literary and philosophical contact with the muslim world encouraged by such factors as averroism averoìs che l gran comento feo commedia inferno iv 144 meaning averroes who wrote the great comment and the patronage of alfonso x of castile of the twelve wise men dante meets in canto x of the paradiso thomas aquinas and even more so siger of brabant were strongly influenced by arabic commentators on aristotle 64 medieval christian mysticism also shared the neoplatonic influence of sufis such as ibn arabi philosopher frederick copleston argued in 1950 that dante s respectful treatment of averroes avicenna and siger of brabant indicates his acknowledgement of a considerable debt to islamic philosophy 64 in 1919 miguel asín palacios a spanish scholar and a catholic priest published la escatología musulmana en la divina comedia islamic eschatology in the divine comedy an account of parallels between early islamic philosophy and the divine comedy palacios argued that dante derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter from the spiritual writings of ibn arabi and from the isra and mi raj or night journey of muhammad to heaven the latter is described in the ahadith and the kitab al miraj translated into latin in 1264 or shortly before 65 as liber scalae machometi the book of muhammad s ladder and has significant similarities to the paradiso such as a sevenfold division of paradise although this is not unique to the kitab al miraj or islamic cosmology 66 many scholars have not been satisfied that dante was influenced by the kitab al miraj the 20th century orientalist francesco gabrieli expressed scepticism regarding the claimed similarities and the lack of evidence of a vehicle through which it could have been transmitted to dante 67 the italian philologist maria corti pointed out that during his stay at the court of alfonso x dante s mentor brunetto latini met bonaventura de siena a tuscan who had translated the kitab al miraj from arabic into latin corti speculates that brunetto may have provided a copy of that work to dante 68 rené guénon a sufi convert and scholar of ibn arabi confirms in the esoterism of dante the theory of the islamic influence direct or indirect on dante 69 palacios theory that dante was influenced by ibn arabi was satirised by the turkish academic orhan pamuk in his novel the black book 70 in addition to that it has been claimed that risālat al ghufrān the epistle of forgiveness a satirical work mixing arabic poetry and prose written by abu al ʿalaʾ al maʿarri around 1033 ce had an influence on or even inspired dante s divine comedy 71 72 criticism and textual history edit a detail from one of sandro botticelli s illustrations for inferno canto xviii 1480s silverpoint on parchment completed in pen and ink critical reception of the divine comedy has varied considerably prior to its universal renown today although recognised as a masterpiece in the centuries immediately following its publication 73 the work largely fell into obscurity during the enlightenment with some notable exceptions vittorio alfieri antoine de rivarol who translated the inferno into french and giambattista vico who in the scienza nuova and in the giudizio su dante inaugurated what would later become the romantic reappraisal of dante juxtaposing him to homer 74 the comedy was rediscovered in the english speaking world by william blake who illustrated several passages of the epic and the romantic writers of the 19th century later authors such as t s eliot ezra pound samuel beckett c s lewis and james joyce have drawn on it for inspiration the poet henry wadsworth longfellow was its first american translator 75 and modern poets including seamus heaney 76 robert pinsky john ciardi w s merwin and stanley lombardo have also produced translations of all or parts of the book in russia beyond alexander pushkin s translation of a few tercets 77 osip mandelstam s late poetry has been said to bear the mark of a tormented meditation on the comedy 78 in 1934 mandelstam gave a modern reading of the poem in his labyrinthine conversation on dante 79 erich auerbach said dante was the first writer to depict human beings as the products of a specific time place and circumstance as opposed to mythic archetypes or a collection of vices and virtues concluding that this along with the fully imagined world of the divine comedy suggests that the divine comedy inaugurated literary realism and self portraiture in modern fiction 80 in t s eliot s estimation dante and shakespeare divide the world between them there is no third 81 for jorge luis borges the divine comedy was the best book literature has achieved 82 in the centuries since its publication the comedy has developed one of the most extensive critical traditions of any work of literature unmatched by any other secular work of western literature line by line commentaries have been written in languages across europe the americas and asia 83 significantly the comedy was among the first pieces of vernacular literature to receive serious critical attention prior to 1300 such detailed criticism was reserved for religious texts and works of classical literature 84 the comedy is considered one originator of the encyclopedic novel across multiple formulations of the concept 85 edward mendelson s coinage of the term contrasted dante s initial ostracism with his later importance to italian national identity comparing this to the culture building function of later encyclopedic authors like shakespeare cervantes or melville 86 english translations edit main article list of english translations of the divine comedy the divine comedy has been translated into english more times than any other language and new english translations of the divine comedy continue to be published regularly notable english translations of the complete poem include the following 87 year translator s notes 1805 1814 henry francis cary an older translation widely available online 1867 henry wadsworth longfellow unrhymed terzines the first u s translation raising american interest in the poem it is still widely available including online 1891 1892 charles eliot norton prose translation used by great books of the western world available online in three parts hell purgatory paradise at project gutenberg 1933 1943 laurence binyon terza rima translated with assistance from ezra pound used in the portable dante viking 1947 1949 1962 dorothy l sayers translated for penguin classics intended for a wider audience and completed by barbara reynolds after sayers s death 1969 thomas g bergin cast in blank verse with illustrations by leonard baskin 88 1954 1970 john ciardi his inferno was recorded and released by folkways records in 1954 1970 1991 charles s singleton literal prose version with extensive commentary 6 vols 1981 c h sisson available in oxford world s classics 1980 1984 allen mandelbaum available online at world of dante and alongside teodolinda barolini s commentary at digital dante 1967 2002 mark musa an alternative penguin classics version 2000 2007 robert and jean hollander online as part of the princeton dante project contains extensive scholarly footnotes 2002 2004 anthony m esolen modern library classics edition 2006 2007 robin kirkpatrick a third penguin classics version replacing musa s 2010 burton raffel a northwestern world classics version 2013 clive james a poetic version in quatrains 2018 2021 alasdair gray a verse translation that is modern lyrical yet faithful to the original the new statesman 2013 2025 mary jo bang a colloquial translation using free verse a number of other translators such as robert pinsky have translated the inferno only in popular culture edit main article the divine comedy in popular culture dante and virgil a painting by william adolphe bouguereau 1850 which depicts dante and virgil in the eighth circle of hell observing two damned souls in eternal combat 89 the divine comedy has been a source of inspiration for countless artists for almost seven centuries there are many references to dante s work in literature in music franz liszt was one of many composers to write works based on the divine comedy federico bardazzi released in 2015 la musica della commedia classic voice antiqua including all the musical pieces mentioned in the divine comedy in contemporary music hozier s 2023 album unreal unearth also draws inspiration from dante s epic 90 in sculpture the work of auguste rodin includes themes from dante sculptor timothy schmalz created a series of 100 sculptures one for each canto on the 700th anniversary of the date of dante s death 91 and many visual artists have illustrated dante s work as shown by the examples above there have also been many references to the divine comedy in cinema television comics and video games see also edit allegory in the middle ages dream vision list of cultural references in divine comedy seven heavens theological fiction risalat al ghufran citations edit for example encyclopedia americana 2006 vol 30 p 605 the greatest single work of italian literature john julius norwich the italians history art and the genius of a people abrams 1983 p 27 his tremendous poem still after six and a half centuries the supreme work of italian literature remains after the legacy of ancient rome the grandest single element in the italian heritage and robert reinhold ergang the renaissance van nostrand 1967 p 103 many literary historians regard the divine comedy as the greatest work of italian literature in world literature it is ranked as an epic poem of the highest order see lepschy laura lepschy giulio 1977 the italian language today or any other history of italian language 1 2 vallone aldo commedia trans robin treasure in lansing ed the dante encyclopedia pp 181 184 emmerson richard k and ronald b herzman revelation in lansing ed the dante encyclopedia pp 742 744 divina commedia enciclopedia italiana in italian retrieved 19 february 2021 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link cleaver natalie ann 2012 authorizing the reader dante and the ends of the decameron thesis uc berkeley gross karen elizabeth 2009 scholar saints and boccaccio s trattatello in laude di dante mln 124 1 66 85 issn 1080 6598 archived from the original on 19 august 2025 retrieved 15 june 2025 ronnie h terpening lodovico dolce renaissance man of letters toronto buffalo london university of toronto press 1997 p 166 dante the inferno a verse translation by professor robert and jean hollander p 43 epist xiii 43 48 wilkins e h the prologue to the divine comedy annual report of the dante society pp 1 7 kaske robert earl et al medieval christian literary imagery a guide to interpretation toronto university of toronto press 1988 p 164 ferrante joan m beatrice in lansing ed the dante encyclopedia pp 87 94 shaw 2014 pp xx 100 101 108 picone michelangelo bernard st trans robin treasure in lansing ed the dante encyclopedia pp 99 100 eiss 2017 p 8 trone 2000 pp 362 364 inferno la divina commedia annotata e commentata da tommaso di salvo zanichelli bologna 1985 abebooks it archived from the original on 25 february 2021 retrieved 16 january 2010 lectura dantis società dantesca italiana online sources include archived 11 november 2014 at the wayback machine archived 23 july 2011 at the wayback machine archived 23 february 2004 at the wayback machine le caratteristiche dell opera archived from the original on 2 december 2009 retrieved 1 december 2009 selva oscura archived from the original on 4 march 2016 retrieved 20 february 2010 inferno canto xx lines 13 15 and 38 39 mandelbaum translation dorothy l sayers purgatory notes on p 75 carlyle okey wicksteed divine comedy notes to dante s inferno inferno canto 34 lines 121 126 barolini teodolinda hell in lansing ed the dante encyclopedia pp 472 477 dorothy l sayers purgatory introduction pp 65 67 penguin 1955 robin kirkpatrick purgatorio introduction p xiv penguin 2007 carlyle oakey wickstead divine comedy notes on dante s purgatory kelly henry ansgar 18 september 2018 epistle to cangrande updated dante society dante society of america archived from the original on 9 june 2021 retrieved 10 june 2024 the letter to can grande in literary criticism of dante alighieri translated and edited by robert s haller lincoln university of nebraska press 1973 p 99 botterill steven 1990 life after beatrice bernard of clairvaux in paradiso xxxi texas studies in literature and language 32 1 123 dorothy l sayers paradise notes on canto xxxiii paradiso canto xxxiii lines 142 145 c h sisson translation elenco codici dante online archived from the original on 3 june 2009 retrieved 5 august 2009 michele zanobini per un dante latino the latin translations of the divine comedy in nineteenth century italy archived 20 november 2022 at the wayback machine phd dissertation johns hopkins university 2016 pp 16 17 21 22 christopher kleinhenz medieval italy an encyclopedia volume 1 routledge 2004 isbn 0 415 93930 5 p 360 epistle to can grande faculty georgetown edu archived from the original on 29 january 2015 retrieved 20 october 2014 dorothy l sayers hell introduction p 16 penguin 1955 world history encyclopedia archived from the original on 21 april 2021 retrieved 20 april 2021 boccaccio also quotes the initial triplet ultima regna canam fluvido contermina mundo spiritibus quae lata patent quae premia solvunt pro meritis cuicumque suis for translation and more see guyda armstrong review of giovanni boccaccio life of dante j g nichols trans london hesperus press 2002 peri hiram 1955 the or...