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Text of the page (random words):
tsch नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ papiamentu polski piemontèis پنجابی português runa simi română русский русиньскый саха тыла sicilianu سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina chishona soomaaliga shqip српски srpski sunda svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog toki pona türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt walon winaray 吴语 ייִדיש ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide checked from wikipedia the free encyclopedia page version status this is an accepted version of this page this is the latest accepted revision reviewed on 2 october 2026 type of musical instrument of the percussion family for other uses see drum disambiguation drumming redirects here for other uses see drumming disambiguation drum of company b 40th new york infantry regiment at the battle of gettysburg 1863 talking drum a drum kit a đông sơn drum from 3rd to 2nd century bc a pair of conga drums the drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments in the hornbostel sachs classification system it is a membranophone 1 drums consist of at least one membrane called a drumhead or drum skin that is stretched over a shell and struck either directly with the player s hands or with a percussion mallet to produce sound there is usually a resonant head on the underside of the drum other techniques have been used to cause drums to make sound such as the thumb roll drums are the world s oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments and the basic design has remained virtually unchanged for thousands of years 1 drums may be played individually with the player using a single drum and some drums such as the djembe are almost always played in this way others are normally played in a set of two or more all played by one player such as bongo drums and timpani a number of different drums together with cymbals form the basic modern drum kit many drums are played together with other instruments uses edit drums are usually played by striking with the hand a beater attached to a pedal or with one or two sticks with or without padding a wide variety of sticks are used including wooden sticks and sticks with soft beaters of felt on the end in jazz some drummers use brushes for a smoother quieter sound in many traditional cultures drums have a symbolic function and are used in religious ceremonies drums are often used in music therapy especially hand drums because of their tactile nature and easy use by a wide variety of people 2 in the 2000s drums have also been used as a way to engage in aerobic exercise and is called cardio drumming 3 4 in popular music and jazz drums usually refers to a drum kit or a set of drums with some cymbals or in the case of harder rock music genres many cymbals and drummer to the person who plays them drums acquired even divine status in places such as burundi where the karyenda was a symbol of the power of the king construction edit the shell almost always has a circular opening over which the drumhead is stretched but the shape of the remainder of the shell varies widely in the western musical tradition the most usual shape is a cylinder although timpani for example use bowl shaped shells 1 other shapes include a frame design tar bodhrán truncated cones bongo drums ashiko goblet shaped djembe and joined truncated cones talking drum a drum contains cylindrical shells which can be open at one end as is the case with timbales or can have two drum heads one head on each end single headed drums typically consist of a skin stretched over an enclosed space or over one of the ends of a hollow vessel drums with two heads covering both ends of a cylindrical shell often have a small hole somewhat halfway between the two heads the shell forms a resonating chamber for the resulting sound exceptions include the african slit drum also known as a log drum as it is made from a hollowed out tree trunk and the caribbean steel drum made from a metal barrel drums with two heads can also have a set of wires called snares held across the bottom head top head or both heads hence the name snare drum 1 on some drums with two heads a hole or bass reflex port may be cut or installed onto one head as with some 2010s era bass drums in rock music on modern band and orchestral drums the drumhead is placed over the opening of the drum which in turn is held onto the shell by a counterhoop or rim which is then held by means of a number of tuning screws called tension rods that screw into lugs placed evenly around the circumference the head s tension can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the rods many such drums have six to ten tension rods the sound of a drum depends on many variables including shape shell size and thickness shell materials counterhoop material drumhead material drumhead tension drum position location and striking velocity and angle 1 prior to the invention of tension rods drum skins were attached and tuned by rope systems as on the djembe or pegs and ropes such as on ewe drums 5 these methods are rarely used today though sometimes appear on regimental marching band snare drums 1 the head of a talking drum for example can be temporarily tightened by squeezing the ropes that connect the top and bottom heads similarly the tabla is tuned by hammering a disc held in place around the drum by ropes stretching from the top to bottom head orchestral timpani can be quickly tuned to precise pitches by using a foot pedal sounds edit several american indian style drums for sale at the national museum of the american indian several factors determine the sound a drum produces including the type shape and construction of the drum shell the type of drum heads it has and the tension of these drumheads different drum sounds have different uses in music for example the modern tom tom drum a jazz drummer may want drums that are high pitched resonant and quiet whereas a rock drummer may prefer drums that are loud dry and low pitched the drum head has the most effect on how a drum sounds each type of drum head serves its own musical purpose and has its own unique sound double ply drumheads dampen high frequency harmonics because they are heavier and they are suited to heavy playing 6 drum heads with a white textured coating on them muffle the overtones of the drum head slightly producing a less diverse pitch drum heads with central silver or black dots tend to muffle the overtones even more while drum heads with perimeter sound rings mostly eliminate overtones some jazz drummers avoid using thick drum heads preferring single ply drum heads or drum heads with no muffling rock drummers often prefer the thicker or coated drum heads the second biggest factor that affects drum sound is head tension against the shell when the hoop is placed around the drum head and shell and tightened down with tension rods the tension of the head can be adjusted when the tension is increased the amplitude of the sound is reduced and the frequency is increased making the pitch higher and the volume lower the type of shell also affects the sound of a drum because the vibrations resonate in the shell of the drum the shell can be used to increase the volume and to manipulate the type of sound produced the larger the diameter of the shell the lower the pitch the larger the depth of the drum the louder the volume shell thickness also determines the volume of drums thicker shells produce louder drums mahogany raises the frequency of low pitches and keeps higher frequencies at about the same speed when choosing a set of shells a jazz drummer may want smaller maple shells while a rock drummer may want larger birch shells history edit moche ceramic vessel depicting a drummer larco museum collection lima peru drums made with alligator skins have been found in neolithic cultures located in china dating to a period of 5500 2350 bc in literary records drums manifested shamanistic characteristics and were often used in ritual ceremonies 7 the bronze dong son drum was fabricated by the bronze age dong son culture of northern vietnam they include the ornate ngoc lu drum animal drumming edit macaque monkeys drum objects in a rhythmic way to show social dominance and this has been shown to be processed in a similar way in their brains to vocalizations suggesting an evolutionary origin to drumming as part of social communication 8 other primates including gorillas make drumming sounds by chest beating or hand clapping 9 10 and rodents such as kangaroo rats also make similar sounds using their paws on the ground 11 talking drums edit main article talking drum drums are used not only for their musical qualities but also as a means of communication over great distances the talking drums of africa are used to imitate the tone patterns of spoken language throughout sri lankan history drums have been used for communication between the state and the community and sri lankan drums have a history stretching back over 2500 years drums in art edit a well used african drum drumming may be a purposeful expression of emotion for entertainment spiritualism and communication many cultures practice drumming as a spiritual or religious passage and interpret drummed rhythm similarly to spoken language or prayer drumming has developed over millennia to be a powerful art form drumming is commonly viewed as the root of music and is sometimes performed as a kinesthetic dance as a discipline drumming concentrates on training the body to punctuate convey and interpret musical rhythmic intention to an audience and to the performer military uses edit further information military drums drum cadence a drum cadence b drum four flams snare drum cadences performed by the united states navy band problems playing these files see media help chinese troops used tàigǔ drums to motivate troops to help set a marching pace and to call out orders or announcements for example during a war between qi and lu in 684 bc the effect of drum on soldiers morale is employed to change the result of a major battle fife and drum corps of swiss mercenary foot soldiers also used drums they used an early version of the snare drum carried over the player s right shoulder suspended by a strap typically played with one hand using traditional grip it is to this instrument that the english word drum was first used similarly during the english civil war rope tension drums would be carried by junior officers as a means to relay commands from senior officers over the noise of battle these were also hung over the shoulder of the drummer and typically played with two drum sticks different regiments and companies would have distinctive and unique drum beats only they recognized in the mid 19th century the scottish military started incorporating pipe bands into their highland regiments 12 during pre columbian warfare aztec nations were known to have used drums to send signals to the battling warriors the nahuatl word for drum is roughly translated as huehuetl 13 the rig veda one of the oldest religious scriptures in the world contains several references to the use of the dundhubi war drum arya tribes charged into battle to the beating of the war drum and chanting of a hymn that appears in book vi of the rig veda and also the atharva veda 14 the dundhuhi was considered sacred and to capture one in battle would signal defeat of the enemy 15 types edit handscroll detail of a chinese percussionist playing a drum for a dancing woman from a 12th century remake of gu hongzhong s 10th century originals song dynasty pedro de alcântara prince imperial of brazil later emperor as pedro ii with a toy drum c 1830 the miruthangam is also known as the devavadyam which translates to the instrument of god aburukuwa ashiko atumpan bara bass drum batá bedug bodhrán bongo drums bougarabou buk cajón candombe drums chalice drum chenda cocktail drum conga crowdy crawn darbuka damphu davul dayereh dhak dhimay dhol dholak djembe dong son drum doumbek dunun ewe drums fontomfrom frame drum goblet drum hand drum idakka ilimba drum karyenda kanjira kendang kpanlogo lambeg drum log drum madal mridangam pahu pakhavaj parai repinique riddle drum side drum marching snare drum slit drum snare drum surdo tabor tamborim tambourine taiko tabla talking drum tassa tasha drum tapan tar tavil tenor drum timbales timpani tombak tom tom drum tongue drum zabumba mridangam a drum used in dravidian culture see also edit music portal blast beat double drumming drum circle drumline drum machine drum replacement drumsticks electronic drum hearing the shape of a drum heavy metal gallop list of drummers practice pad vibrations of a circular membrane pengzu a legendary chinese ancestor whose name derives from an onomatopoeia for drumming references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 grove george january 2001 stanley sadie ed the new grove encyclopædia of music and musicians 2nd ed grove s dictionaries of music pp volume 5 pp638 649 isbn 978 1 56159 239 5 weiss rick july 5 1994 music therapy the washington post no jul 5 1994 archived from the original on february 10 2013 retrieved july 6 2017 loncaric denis 2022 02 22 what is cardio drumming drum magazine retrieved 2023 07 06 cardio drumming lose weight while playing drums drumming review 2019 04 27 retrieved 2023 07 06 kirby percival 2013 drums the musical instruments of the indigenous people of south africa wits university press pp 19 63 doi 10 18772 12013086055 10 isbn 978 1 86814 605 5 jstor 10 18772 12013086055 10 drum lessons drumbook org liu li 2007 the chinese neolithic trajectories to early states cambridge cambridge university press isbn 0 521 01064 0 p 123 remedios r logothetis nk kayser c 2009 monkey drumming reveals common networks for perceiving vocal and nonvocal communication sounds proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 106 42 18010 5 bibcode 2009pnas 10618010r doi 10 1073 pnas 0909756106 pmc 2755465 pmid 19805199 clark arcadi a robert d mugurusi f 2004 a comparison of buttress drumming by male chimpanzees from two populations primates journal of primatology 45 2 135 9 doi 10 1007 s10329 003 0070 8 pmid 14735390 s2cid 8141024 kalan ak rainey hj 2009 hand clapping as a communicative gesture by wild female swamp gorillas primates 50 3 273 5 doi 10 1007 s10329 009 0130 9 pmid 19221858 s2cid 24427744 randall ja 2001 evolution and function of drumming as communication in mammals american zoologist 41 5 1143 1156 doi 10 1668 0003 1569 2001 041 1143 eafoda 2 0 co 2 s2cid 198156546 chatto allan 1996 brief history of drumming cadre online ca archive...