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e characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa this article contains tibetan script without proper rendering support you may see very small fonts misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of tibetan characters kinley speaking dzongkha wikitongues jakar dzong representative of the distinct dzong architecture from which dzongkha gets its name dzongkha a རྫོང ཁ d͡zòŋkʰɑ́ also known by its exonym bhutanese is a tibeto burman language in the tibetic language family that is primarily spoken by the bhutanese people it is the official and national language of bhutan and is written using the tibetan script in formal contexts with informal correspondence in the joyig script 5 the word dzongkha means the language of the fortress from dzong fortress and kha language as of 2013 update dzongkha had 171 080 native speakers and about 640 000 total speakers 2 dzongkha is a south tibetic language it is closely related to laya and lunana and partially intelligible with sikkimese and to some other bhutanese languages such as chochangachakha brokpa brokkat and lakha it has a more distant relationship to standard tibetan classification edit dzongkha is considered a south tibetic language it is closely related to and partially intelligible with sikkimese and to some other bhutanese languages such as chochangachakha brokpa brokkat and lakha dzongkha bears a close linguistic relationship to j umowa which is spoken in the chumbi valley of southern tibet 6 it has a much more distant relationship to standard tibetan spoken dzongkha and tibetan are around 50 to 80 mutually intelligible with the literary forms of both highly influenced by the liturgical clerical classical tibetan language known in bhutan as chöke ཆོས སྐད which has been used for centuries by buddhist monks chöke was used as the language of education in bhutan until the early 1960s when it was replaced by dzongkha in public schools 7 although descended from classical tibetan dzongkha shows a great many irregularities in sound changes that make the official spelling and standard pronunciation more distant from each other than is the case with standard tibetan it has been written that traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules in dzongkha 8 usage edit dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight western districts of bhutan viz wangdue phodrang punakha thimphu gasa paro ha dagana and chukha 9 there are also some native speakers near the indian town of kalimpong once part of bhutan but now in north bengal and in sikkim dzongkha was declared the national language of bhutan in 1971 10 dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south and east where it is not the mother tongue the bhutanese films travellers and magicians 2003 and lunana a yak in the classroom 2019 are in dzongkha phonology edit tones edit dzongkha is a tonal language and has two register tones high and low 11 the tone of a syllable determines the allophone of the onset and the phonation type of the nuclear vowel 12 consonants edit consonant phonemes bilabial dental alveolar retroflex palatal velar glottal nasal m n ɲ ŋ stop plain p t ʈ k aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ affricate plain ts tɕ aspirated tsʰ tɕʰ sibilant s ɕ rhotic r continuant ɬ l j w h all consonants may begin a syllable in the onsets of low tone syllables consonants are voiced 12 aspirated consonants indicated by the superscript h ɬ and h are not found in low tone syllables 12 the rhotic r is usually a trill r or a fricative trill r̝ 11 and is voiceless in the onsets of high tone syllables 12 t tʰ ts tsʰ s are dental 11 descriptions of the palatal affricates and fricatives vary from alveolo palatal to plain palatal 11 13 12 only a few consonants are found in syllable final positions most common among them are m n p 12 syllable final ŋ is often elided and results in the preceding vowel nasalized and prolonged especially word finally 14 12 syllable final k is most often omitted when word final as well unless in formal speech 12 in literary pronunciation liquids r and l may also end a syllable 11 though rare ɕ is also found in syllable final positions 11 12 no other consonants are found in syllable final positions vowels edit vowel phonemes front back close i iː yː u uː mid e eː øː o oː open ɛː ɑ ɑː when in low tone vowels are produced with breathy voice 11 14 in closed syllables i varies between i and ɪ the latter being more common 11 12 yː varies between yː and ʏː 11 e varies between close mid e and open mid ɛ the latter being common in closed syllables eː is close mid eː eː may not be longer than e at all and differs from e more often in quality than in length 11 descriptions of øː vary between close mid øː and open mid œː 11 12 o is close mid o but may approach open mid ɔ especially in closed syllables oː is close mid oː 11 ɛː is slightly lower than open mid i e ɛ̞ː 11 ɑ may approach ɐ especially in closed syllables 11 12 when nasalized or followed by ŋ vowels are always long 14 12 phonotactics edit many words in dzongkha are monosyllabic 12 syllables usually take the form of cvc cv or vc 12 syllables with complex onsets are also found but such an onset must be a combination of an unaspirated bilabial stop and a palatal affricate 12 the bilabial stops in complex onsets are often omitted in colloquial speech 12 writing system edit main articles joyig script tibetan script roman dzongkha dzongkha numerals and dzongkha braille the joyig alphabet script the tibetan script used to write dzongkha has thirty basic letters sometimes known as radicals for consonants dzongkha is usually written in bhutanese forms of the uchen script forms of the tibetan script known as jôyi cursive longhand and jôtshum formal longhand the print form is known simply as tshûm 15 romanization edit there are various systems of romanization and transliteration for dzongkha but none accurately represents its phonetic sound 16 the bhutanese government adopted a transcription system known as roman dzongkha devised by the linguist george van driem as its standard in 1991 10 grammar edit nouns edit number edit dzongkha nouns distinguish between singular unmarked and plural with the plural either unmarked or suffixed with ཚུ tshu the use of the plural suffix is not obligatory and is used mainly for emphasis 17 18 case edit dzongkha nouns are marked for 5 cases genitive locative ablative dative and ergative 19 genitive case marks possession and is often translated as of there are 4 genitive suffixes in written dzongkha གྱི g i after words ending in མ ན ར ལ གི g i after words ending in ག ང and certain words ending in a vowel ཀྱི g i after words ending in བ ད ས འི i after certain words ending in a vowel locative case marks location or destination and is often translated as in at or on it s indicated by the suffix ནང na ablative case marks direction away from the noun and is often translated as from it s indicated by the suffix ལས lä dative case marks the goal or where an activity takes place and is often translated as to for or at it s indicated by the suffix ལུ lu ergative case used for ergative and instrumental functions there are 3 ergative suffixes in written dzongkha གྱིས g i after words ending in མ ན ར ལ གིས g i after words ending in ག ང or a vowel ཀྱིས g i after words ending in བ ད ས derivation edit as in other tibetic languages compounding is the most common method for deriving new nouns in dzongkha a compound usually consists of two or less commonly more monosyllabic roots which can be either free or bound 20 root 1 root 2 compound noun notes བསྟོད tö praise ར ra བསྟོད ར töra praise ར ra is a bound morpheme with no meaning of its own ཁབ khap cover ཏོག to top ཁབ ཏོག khapto lid ཏོག to is a bound morpheme and means something like top in most though not all compounds རྡོ do stone གནག nak black རྡོ གནག donak graphite pronouns edit personal pronouns edit person singular plural 1st ང nga i ང བཅས ngace we 2nd ཁྱོད chö you ཁྱེད chä you all 3rd m ཁོ kho he ཁོང khong they 3rd f མོ mo she honorific ནཱ nâ he she you ནཱ བུ nâb u they you all the honorific pronoun ནཱ nâ and its plural form are used when one wants to show respect to the person being addressed or to a 3rd person of either gender verbs edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information july 2024 dzongkha verbs inflect for tense aspect and mood but unlike many languages they do not show agreement for person and number 21 conjugation edit dzongkha verbs are mainly marked for the progressive དོ do the witnessed past ཡི yi ཅི ci the inferred past ནུག nu the perfective སོ so the present continuous པའི སྒང bigang migang བའི སྒང wigang the adhortative གེ ge the optative བཅུག cu and the supine པར ba ma བར wa they are also marked for things like the steady state present acquired knowledge factual tenses along many other modals 22 copula edit in dzongkha there are 5 copular verbs that can be translated as to be in english ཨིན ing ཨིན པས immä ཡོད yö འདུག du and སྨོ mo adjectives edit comparison edit the comparative is indicated by the suffix བ wa than while the superlative is indicated by the suffix ཤོས sho the most est 23 numerals edit main article dzongkha numerals hindu arabic numerals dzongkha numerals spelling roman dzongkha 1 ༡ གཅིག ci 2 ༢ གཉིས nyî 3 ༣ གསུམ sum 4 ༤ བཞི zhi 5 ༥ ལྔ nga 6 ༦ དྲུག dr u 7 ༧ བདུན dün 8 ༨ བརྒྱད gä 9 ༩ དགུ gu 10 ༡༠ བཅུ ཐམ cuthâm vocabulary edit the following is a sample vocabulary 24 dzongkha dzongkha transliteration wylie pronunciation roman dzongkha meaning སྟག stag tâ tiger སྟོན ston tön to teach སྤྱིན spyin pcing glue རྟིངམ rtingma tîm heel མིང ming meng name སྨོ ཤིག smo shig mosh isn t it so དྲེལ drel dr eng mule གཡོན gyon öng left ལྟོ ཚང lto tshang totsha friend sample text edit the following is a sample text in dzongkha of article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights འགྲོ gro བ ba མི mi རིགས rigs ག ga ར ra དབང dbaṅ ཆ cha འདྲ dra མཏམ mtam འབད bad སྒྱེཝ sgyew ལས las ག ga ར ra གིས gis གཅིག gcig ལུ lu སྤུན spun ཆའི cha i དམ dam ཚིག tshig བསྟན bstan དགོ dgo འགྲོ བ མི རིགས ག ར དབང ཆ འདྲ མཏམ འབད སྒྱེཝ ལས ག ར གིས གཅིག ལུ སྤུན ཆའི དམ ཚིག བསྟན དགོ gro ba mi rigs ga ra dbaṅ cha dra mtam bad sgyew las ga ra gis gcig lu spun cha i dam tshig bstan dgo all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood 25 see also edit languages portal roman dzongkha dzongkha braille dzongkha numerals languages of bhutan dzongkha keyboard layout notes edit ˈ z ɒ ŋ k ə zong kə 3 or ˈ d z ɒ ŋ k ə 4 references edit dzongkha at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required 1 2 how many people speak dzongkha languagecomparison com retrieved 2018 03 15 oxford dictionary of english oxford oxford univ press 2010 isbn 978 0 19 172766 5 english pronunciations of dzonghkha from the cambridge advanced learner s dictionary thesaurus and from the cambridge academic content dictionary cambridge advanced learner s dictionary retrieved 2025 12 05 constitution of the kingdom of bhutan art 1 8 pdf government of bhutan 2008 07 18 archived from the original pdf on 2011 07 06 retrieved 2011 01 01 van driem george 2007 endangered languages of bhutan and sikkim south bodish languages in moseley christopher ed encyclopedia of the world s endangered languages routledge p 294 isbn 978 0 7007 1197 0 van driem george tshering of gaselô karma 1998 dzongkha languages of the greater himalayan region vol i leiden the netherlands research cnws school of asian african and amerindian studies leiden university pp 7 8 isbn 90 5789 002 x van driem george 1998 dzongkha rdoṅ kha leiden research school cnws p 110 isbn 90 5789 002 x traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules van driem george tshering of gaselô karma 1998 dzongkha languages of the greater himalayan region vol i leiden the netherlands research cnws school of asian african and amerindian studies leiden university p 3 isbn 90 5789 002 x 1 2 van driem 1991 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 van driem 1992 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 downs 2011 michailovsky mazaudon 1989 1 2 3 van driem 1994 van driem george 1998 dzongkha rdoṅ kha leiden research school cnws p 47 isbn 90 5789 002 x see for instance report on the current status of the united nations romanization systems for geographical names tibetan report on the current status of the united nations romanization systems for geographical names dzongkha van driem 1992 p 106 watters 2018 p 163 van driem 1992 p 107 109 watters 2018 p 174 188 van driem 1992 p 165 of gaselô karma tshering van driem george 2019 the grammar of dzongkha 4th ed university of california at santa barbara himalayan linguistics pp 169 280 retrieved 14 december 2025 van driem 1992 p 134 136 van driem 1992 p 58 98 universal declaration of human rights article 1 in sino tibetan languages omniglot com bibliography edit downs cheryl lynn 2011 issues in dzongkha phonology an optimality theoretic approach pdf master s thesis san diego state university archived from the original pdf on 2017 11 10 dzongkha development commission 2009 rigpai lodap an intermediate dzongkha english dictionary འབྲིང རིམ རྫོང ཁ ཨིང ལིཤ ཚིག མཛོད རིག པའི ལོ འདབ pdf thimphu dzongkha development commission isbn 978 99936 765 3 9 permanent dead link dzongkha development commission 2009 kartshok threngwa a book on dzongkha synonyms antonyms རྫོང ཁའི མིང ཚིག རྣམ གྲངས དང འགལ མིང སྐར ཚོགས ཕྲེང བ pdf thimphu dzongkha development commission isbn 99936 663 13 6 isbn ignored isbn errors link archived from the original pdf on 2010 11 17 retrieved 2010 06 30 dzongkha development commission 1999 the new dzongkha grammar rdzong kha i brda gzhung gsar pa thimphu dzongkha development commission dzongkha development commission 1990 dzongkha rabsel lamzang rdzong kha rab gsal lam bzang thimphu dzongkha development commission dzongkha development authority 2005 english dzongkha dictionary ཨིང ལིཤ རྫོང ཁ ཤན སྦྱར ཚིག མཛོད thimphu dzongkha development authority ministry of education imaeda yoshiro 1990 manual of spoken dzongkha in roman transcription thimphu japan overseas cooperation volunteers jocv bhutan coordinator office lee seunghun j kawahara shigeto 2018 the phonetic structure of dzongkha a preliminary study journal of the phonetic society of japan 22 1 13 20 doi 10 24467 onseikenkyu 22 1_13 mazaudon martine 1985 dzongkha number systems s ratanakul d thomas s premsirat eds southeast asian linguistic studies presented to andré g haudricourt bangkok mahidol university 124 57 mazaudon martine michailovsky boyd 1986 syllabicity and suprasegmentals the dzongkha monosyllabic noun michailovsky boyd mazaudon martine 1989 lost syllables and tone contour in dzongkha bhutan in bradley david henderson e j a mazaudon martine eds prosodic analysis and asian linguistics to honour r k sp...