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12 isbn 978 1009232999 wilken 2012 pp 9 10 bond 2012 pp 89 95 wilken 2012 p 10 bond 2012 p 96 mcgrath 2013 p 6 macculloch 2010 pp 80 81 bond 2012 p 109 wilken 2012 p 16 macculloch 2010 pp 91 95 chadwick 1993 p 13 mcgrath 2013 p 7 bond 2012 pp 38 40 41 annals 15 44 3 quoted in bond 2012 p 38 1 2 3 4 mcgrath 2013 p 10 mcgrath 2013 p 12 chadwick 1993 pp 15 16 mcgrath 2013 p 2 mitchell 2006 pp 109 112 114 115 117 mcgrath 2013 pp 7 9 hopkins 1998 p 195 pixner bargil may june 1990 the church of the apostles found on mount zion biblical archaeology review vol 16 no 3 archived from the original on 9 march 2018 via centuryone foundation 1 2 3 4 5 bokenkotter thomas 2004 a concise history of the catholic church revised and expanded ed doubleday pp 19 21 isbn 978 0 385 50584 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 cross f l livingstone e a eds 2005 james st the oxford dictionary of the christian church 3rd revised ed oxford oxford university press p 862 doi 10 1093 acref 9780192802903 001 0001 isbn 978 0 19 280290 3 mitchell 2006 p 103 gonzález 2010 p 27 1 2 gonzález 2010 pp 28 29 1 2 harris stephen l understanding the bible palo alto mayfield 1985 1 2 eusebius church history 3 5 3 epiphanius panarion 29 7 7 8 30 2 7 o n weights and measures 15 on the flight to pella see jonathan bourgel the jewish christians move from jerusalem as a pragmatic choice in dan jaffé ed studies in rabbinic judaism and early christianity leyden brill 2010 pp 107 138 https www academia edu 4909339 the_jewish_christians_move_from_jerusalem_as_a_pragmatic_choice 1 2 p h r van houwelingen fleeing forward the departure of christians from jerusalem to pella westminster theological journal 65 2003 181 200 1 2 3 paget james carleton 2018 jewish revolts and jewish christian relations in schwartz joshua j tomson peter j eds jews and christians in the first and second centuries the interbellum 70 132 ce compendia rerum iudaicarum ad novum testamentum vol 15 brill pp 276 306 doi 10 1163 9789004352971_011 isbn 978 90 04 35297 1 1 2 fredriksen paula 2024 ancient christianities the first five hundred years princeton university press p 12 isbn 978 0 691 15769 6 we have no writings from the original aramaic speaking base no record preserved in the new testament canon of what ultimately became of christ s original jewish followers in jerusalem presumably the roman destruction of the city in 70 ce swept away the founding community there whether through death through captivity or through forced migration the fourth century bishop and historian eusebius relates that it fled to edessa in syria before the destruction and eventually returned to jerusalem his story seems to be motivated however by his desire to construct an unbroken line of episcopal succession from the apostles to his own day in fact we do not know the fate of this original group gonzález 2010 p 33 marcus 2006 p 88 st james the less catholic encyclopedia then we lose sight of james till st paul three years after his conversion a d 37 went up to jerusalem on the same occasion the pillars of the church james peter and john gave to me paul and barnabas the right hands of fellowship that we should go unto the gentiles and they unto the circumcision galatians 2 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 cross f l livingstone e a eds 2005 paul the apostle the oxford dictionary of the christian church 3rd revised ed oxford oxford university press pp 1243 45 doi 10 1093 acref 9780192802903 001 0001 isbn 978 0 19 280290 3 1 2 hodges frederick m 2001 the ideal prepuce in ancient greece and rome male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos circumcision foreskin restoration and the kynodesme pdf bulletin of the history of medicine 75 fall 2001 johns hopkins university press 375 405 doi 10 1353 bhm 2001 0119 pmid 11568485 s2cid 29580193 retrieved 3 january 2020 1 2 rubin jody p july 1980 celsus decircumcision operation medical and historical implications urology 16 1 elsevier 121 124 doi 10 1016 0090 4295 80 90354 4 pmid 6994325 retrieved 3 january 2020 1 2 schultheiss dirk truss michael c stief christian g jonas udo 1998 uncircumcision a historical review of preputial restoration plastic and reconstructive surgery 101 7 lippincott williams wilkins 1990 8 doi 10 1097 00006534 199806000 00037 pmid 9623850 retrieved 13 february 2020 1 2 fredriksen paula 2018 when christians were jews the first generation london yale university press pp 10 11 isbn 978 0 300 19051 9 kohler kaufmann hirsch emil g jacobs joseph friedenwald aaron broydé isaac circumcision in apocryphal and rabbinical literature jewish encyclopedia kopelman foundation retrieved 3 january 2020 contact with grecian life especially at the games of the arena which involved nudity made this distinction obnoxious to the hellenists or antinationalists and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the greeks by epispasm making themselves foreskins i macc i 15 josephus ant xii 5 1 assumptio mosis viii i cor vii 18 tosef shab xv 9 yeb 72a b yer peah i 16b yeb viii 9a all the more did the law observing jews defy the edict of antiochus epiphanes prohibiting circumcision i macc i 48 60 ii 46 and the jewish women showed their loyalty to the law even at the risk of their lives by themselves circumcising their sons 55 56 57 58 59 neusner jacob 1993 approaches to ancient judaism new series religious and theological studies scholars press p 149 circumcised barbarians along with any others who revealed the glans penis were the butt of ribald humor for greek art portrays the foreskin often drawn in meticulous detail as an emblem of male beauty and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment known as epispasm that was aimed at elongation 55 56 58 57 61 vana liliane may 2013 trigano shmuel ed les lois noaẖides une mini torah pré sinaïtique pour l humanité et pour israël the noahid laws a pre sinaitic mini torah for humanity and for israel pardés études et culture juives in french 52 2 paris éditions in press 211 236 doi 10 3917 parde 052 0211 eissn 2271 1880 isbn 978 2 84835 260 2 issn 0295 5652 via cairn info cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link bockmuehl markus january 1995 the noachide commandments and new testament ethics with special reference to acts 15 and pauline halakhah revue biblique 102 1 leuven peeters publishers 72 101 issn 0035 0907 jstor 44076024 1 2 fitzmyer joseph a 1998 the acts of the apostles a new translation with introduction and commentary the anchor yale bible commentaries vol 31 new haven connecticut yale university press p chapter v isbn 978 0 300 13982 2 63 64 65 peri ah shab xxx 6 1 2 3 4 black c clifton smith d moody spivey robert a eds 2019 1969 paul apostle to the gentiles anatomy of the new testament 8th ed minneapolis fortress press pp 187 226 doi 10 2307 j ctvcb5b9q 17 isbn 978 1 5064 5711 6 oclc 1082543536 s2cid 242771713 1 2 3 klutz todd 2002 2000 part ii christian origins and development paul and the development of gentile christianity in esler philip f ed the early christian world routledge worlds 1st ed new york and london routledge pp 178 190 isbn 978 1 032 19934 4 1 2 seifrid mark a 1992 justification by faith and the disposition of paul s argument justification by faith the origin and development of a central pauline theme novum testamentum supplements leiden brill publishers pp 210 211 246 247 isbn 978 90 04 09521 2 issn 0167 9732 41 54 68 69 70 41 54 68 69 70 dunn james d g autumn 1993 reinhartz adele ed echoes of intra jewish polemic in paul s letter to the galatians journal of biblical literature 112 3 society of biblical literature 459 477 doi 10 2307 3267745 issn 0021 9231 jstor 3267745 thiessen matthew september 2014 breytenbach cilliers thom johan eds paul s argument against gentile circumcision in romans 2 17 29 novum testamentum 56 4 leiden brill publishers 373 391 doi 10 1163 15685365 12341488 eissn 1568 5365 issn 0048 1009 jstor 24735868 54 68 69 73 74 marcus 2006 pp 91 92 marcus 2006 pp 99 102 catholic encyclopedia jerusalem a d 71 1099 epiphanius d 403 says that when the emperor hadrian came to jerusalem in 130 he found the temple and the whole city destroyed save for a few houses among them the one where the apostles had received the holy ghost this house says epiphanius is in that part of sion which was spared when the city was destroyed therefore in the upper part de mens et pond cap xiv from the time of cyril of jerusalem who speaks of the upper church of the apostles where the holy ghost came down upon them catech ii 6 p g xxxiii there are abundant witnesses of the place a great basilica was built over the spot in the fourth century the crusaders built another church when the older one had been destroyed by hakim in 1010 it is the famous coenaculum or cenacle now a moslem shrine near the gate of david and supposed to be david s tomb nebi daud epiphanius weights and measures at tertullian org 14 for this hadrian academies in palestine jewishencyclopedia com jewishencyclopedia com annals 15 44 quoted in gonzález 2010 p 45 kessler edward 18 february 2010 an introduction to jewish christian relations cambridge university press pp 45 isbn 978 1 139 48730 6 gonzález 2010 pp 44 48 it was still known as aelia at the time of the first council of nicaea which marks the end of the early christianity period canon vii of the first council of nicaea eusebius history of the church book iv chapter v verses 3 4 koch glenn a 1990 jewish christianity in fergusson everett ed encyclopedia of early christianity first ed new york london garland publishing p 490 isbn 978 0 8240 5745 9 oclc 20055584 ol 18366162m catholic encyclopedia jerusalem a d 71 1099 www newadvent org philip schaff npnf2 02 socrates and sozomenus ecclesiastical histories christian classics ethereal library www ccel org schaff s seven ecumenical councils first nicaea canon vii since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the bishop of aelia i e jerusalem should be honoured let him saving its due dignity to the metropolis have the next place of honour it is very hard to determine just what was the precedence granted to the bishop of aelia nor is it clear which is the metropolis referred to in the last clause most writers including hefele balsamon aristenus and beveridge consider it to be cæsarea while zonaras thinks jerusalem to be intended a view recently adopted and defended by fuchs others again suppose it is antioch that is referred to encyclopædia britannica quinisext council encyclopædia britannica retrieved february 14 2010 the western church and the pope were not represented at the council justinian however wanted the pope as well as the eastern bishops to sign the canons pope sergius i 687 701 refused to sign and the canons were never fully accepted by the western church quinisext canon 36 from schaff s seven ecumenical councils at ccel org we decree that the see of constantinople shall have equal privileges with the see of old rome and shall be highly regarded in ecclesiastical matters as that is and shall be second after it after constantinople shall be ranked the see of alexandria then that of antioch and afterwards the see of jerusalem cross f l ed 2005 antioch the oxford dictionary of the christian church new york oxford university press acts 11 26 parvis paul 2015 when did peter become bishop of antioch in bond helen hurtado larry eds peter in early christianity wm b eerdmans pp 263 272 isbn 978 0 8028 7171 8 cross f l ed 2005 patriarch ecclesiastical the oxford dictionary of the christian church new york oxford university press their jurisdiction extended over the adjoining territories the earliest bishops exercising such powers were those of rome over the whole or part of italy alexandria over egypt and libya and antioch over large parts of asia minor these three were recognized by the council of nicaea 325 alexandria egypt ancient jewishencyclopedia com jewishencyclopedia com catholic encyclopedia alexandria an important seaport of egypt on the left bank of the nile it was founded by alexander the great to replace the small borough called racondah or rakhotis 331 b c the ptolemies alexander s successors on the throne of egypt soon made it the intellectual and commercial metropolis of the world cæsar who visited it 46 b c left it to queen cleopatra but when octavius went there in 30 b c he transformed the egyptian kingdom into a roman province alexandria continued prosperous under the roman rule but declined a little under that of constantinople christianity was brought to alexandria by the evangelist st mark it was made illustrious by a lineage of learned doctors such as pantænus clement of alexandria and origen it has been governed by a series of great bishops amongst whom athanasius and cyril must be mentioned gibbon edward 1776 the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire ch 15 london folio society 2009 ed vol 2 p 138 it was in the school of alexandria that the christian theology appears to have assumed a regular and scientifical form philip schaff s history of the christian church volume 3 section 79 the time of the easter festival this was the second main object of the first ecumenical council in 325 the result of the transactions on this point the particulars of which are not known to us does not appear in the canons probably out of consideration for the numerous quartodecimanians but is doubtless preserved in the two circular letters of the council itself and the emperor constantine socrates hist eccl i 9 theodoret h e i 10 eusebius vita const ii 17 pearson birger a 2006 1990 friedländer revisited alexandrian judaism and gnostic origins gnosticism judaism and egyptian christianity studies in antiquity and christianity minneapolis minnesota fortress press p 11 isbn 9781451404340 retrieved 12 may 2025 friedländer put forth the thesis that gnosticism is a pre christian phenomenon which originated in antinomian circles in the jewish community of alexandria bleeker claas jouco 1970 1967 the egyptian background of gnosticism in bianchi ugo ed the origins of gnosticism le origini dello gnosticismo colloquium of messina 13 18 april 1966 texts and discussions published with the help of the consiglo nazionale delle ricerche della repubblica italiana numen book series volume 12 leiden e j brill p 230 isbn 9789004378032 retrieved 12 may 2025 though egypt undoubtedly is one of the oldest centres of gnosticism it can not be called the country of its origin this privilege could with more right be claimed by syria or by iran van den broek roelof 26 october 2020 1996 preface in van den broek roelof ed studies in gnosticism and alexandrian christianity nag hammadi and manichaean studies issn 0929 2470 volume 39 leiden brill p vii isbn 9789004439689 retrieved 12 may 2025 ancient gnosticism and the beginnings of alexandrian christianity are closely connected gnostic teachers played an important part in at least some groups of alexandrian christians and their ideas were influential in the formation of an earl...