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currently taught skills and knowledge redundant while shifting the importance to other areas education can be used to prepare people for such changes by adjusting the curriculum introducing subjects like digital literacy promoting skills in handling new technologies 87 and including new forms of education such as massive open online courses 88 on a more individual level education promotes personal development this can include factors such as learning new skills developing talents fostering creativity and increasing self knowledge as well as improving problem solving and decision making abilities 89 education also has positive effects on health and well being key factors responsible for these effects are that educated individuals tend to be better informed about health issues and adjust their behavior accordingly have a better social support network and coping strategies and have a higher income which allows them access to high quality healthcare services 90 the social importance of education is recognized by the annual international day of education on january 24 the united nations declared the year 1970 the international education year 91 role of institutions governmental institutions like the chinese ministry of education affect many aspects of public education organized institutions play a key role in various aspects of education institutions like schools universities teacher training institutions and ministries of education make up the education sector they interact both with each other and with other stakeholders such as parents local communities religious groups non governmental organizations professionals in healthcare law enforcement media platforms and political leaders many people are directly involved in the education sector like students teachers and school principals as well as school nurses and curriculum developers 92 various aspects of formal education are regulated by the policies of governmental institutions these policies determine at what age children need to attend school and at what times classes are held as well as issues pertaining to the school environment like infrastructure regulations also cover the exact qualifications and requirements that teachers need to fulfill an important aspect of education policy concerns the curriculum used for teaching at schools colleges and universities a curriculum is a plan of instruction or a program of learning that guides students to achieve their educational goals the topics are usually selected based on their importance and depend on the type of school the goals of public school curricula are usually to offer a comprehensive and well rounded education while vocational training focuses more on specific practical skills within a field the curricula also cover various aspects besides the topic to be discussed such as the teaching method the objectives to be reached and the standards for assessing progress by determining the curricula governmental institutions have a strong impact on what knowledge and skills are transmitted to the students 93 examples of governmental institutions include the ministry of education in india 94 the department of basic education in south africa 95 and the secretariat of public education in mexico 96 international organizations such as unesco have wielded significant influence in shaping educational standards and policies worldwide international organizations also play a key role in education for instance unesco is an intergovernmental organization that promotes education in many ways one of its activities is to advocate education policies like the treaty convention on the rights of the child which states that education is a human right of all children and young people the education for all initiative aimed to offer basic education to all children adolescents and adults by the year 2015 and was later replaced by the initiative sustainable development goals as goal 4 97 related policies include the convention against discrimination in education and the futures of education initiative 98 some influential organizations are not intergovernmental but non governmental for example the international association of universities promotes collaboration and the exchange of knowledge between colleges and universities around the world while the international baccalaureate offers international diploma programs 99 institutions like the erasmus programme facilitate student exchanges between countries 100 while initiatives such as the fulbright program provide a similar service for teachers 101 factors of educational success educational success also called student and academic achievement refers to the extent to which educational aims are reached for example the amount of knowledge and abilities that students acquire for practical purposes it is often measured primarily in terms of official exam scores but there are many additional indicators such as attendance rates graduation rates dropout rates student attitudes and post school indicators like later job performance personal income and incarceration rates 102 several factors influence educational achievement including psychological factors which concern the student as an individual and sociological factors which pertain to the student s social environment further factors are access to educational technology teacher quality and parent involvement many of these factors overlap and influence each other 103 psychological on a psychological level relevant factors include motivation intelligence and personality 104 motivation is the internal force propelling people to engage in learning 105 motivated students are more likely to interact with the content to be learned by participating in classroom activities like discussions which often results in a deeper understanding of the subject motivation can also help students overcome difficulties and setbacks an important distinction is between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation intrinsically motivated students are driven by an interest in the subject and the learning experience itself extrinsically motivated students seek external rewards like good grades and recognition from peers intrinsic motivation tends to be more beneficial by leading to increased creativity and engagement as well as long term commitment 106 educational psychologists try to discover how to increase motivation this can be achieved for instance by encouraging some competition among students while ensuring a balance of positive and negative feedback in the form of praise and criticism 107 intelligence influences how people respond to education it is a mental quality linked to the ability to learn from experience to understand and to employ knowledge and skills to solve problems those who have higher scores in intelligence metrics tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education 108 intelligence is often primarily associated with the so called iq a standardized numerical metric for assessing intelligence by focusing on mathematical logical and verbal skills however it has been argued that there are more types of intelligence according to the psychologist howard gardner there are distinct forms of intelligence belonging to fields like mathematics logic spatial cognition language and music further types affect how a person interacts with other people and with themselves these types of intelligence are largely independent of each other meaning that someone may excel at one type while scoring low on another 109 according to proponents of learning style theory the preferred method of acquiring knowledge and skills is another factor they hold that students with an auditory learning style find it easy to comprehend spoken lectures and discussions whereas visual learners benefit from information presented visually such as in diagrams and videos to facilitate efficient learning it may be advantageous to incorporate a wide variety of learning modalities 110 learning styles have been criticized for ambiguous empirical evidence of student benefits and unreliability of student learning style assessment by teachers 111 the learner s personality may also influence educational achievement for instance characteristics such as conscientiousness and openness to experience identified in the big five personality traits are associated with academic success 112 other mental factors include self efficacy self esteem and metacognitive abilities 113 sociological sociological factors focus not on psychological attributes of learners but on their environment and position in society they include socioeconomic status ethnicity cultural background and gender they are of interest to researchers since they are associated with inequality and discrimination for this reason they play a key role in policy making in attempts to mitigate their effects 114 socioeconomic status depends on income but includes other factors such as financial security social status social class and quality of life attributes 115 low socioeconomic status affects educational success in various ways it is linked to slower cognitive developments in language and memory and higher dropout rates poor families may not have enough money to meet basic the nutritional needs of their children causing poor development they may also lack the means to invest in educational resources like stimulating toys books and computers additionally they may be unable to afford tuition at prestigious schools and are more likely to attend schools in poorer areas such schools tend to offer lower standards of teaching because of teacher shortages or because they lack educational materials and facilities like libraries poor parents may also be unable to afford private lessons if their children fall behind in some cases students from an economically disadvantaged background are forced to dropout from school to provide income to their families they also have less access to information on higher education and may face additional difficulties in securing and repaying student loans low socioeconomic status also has many indirect negative effects by being linked to lower physical and mental health due to these factors social inequalities on the level of the parents are often reproduced in the children 116 ethnic background is linked to cultural differences and language barriers which make it more difficult for students to adapt to the school environment and follow classes additional factors are explicit and implicit biases and discrimination toward ethnic minorities this may affect the students self esteem and motivation as well as their access to educational opportunities for example teachers may hold stereotypical views even if they are not overtly racist which can lead them to grade comparable performances differently based on the child s ethnicity 117 historically gender has been a central factor in education since the roles of men and women were defined differently in many societies education tended to strongly favor men who were expected to provide for the family women by contrast were expected to manage the household and rear children which barred most educational opportunities available to them while these inequalities have improved in most modern societies there are still gender differences in education among other things this concerns biases and stereotypes linked to the role of gender in education they affect subjects like science technology engineering and mathematics which are often presented as male fields this discourages female students from following them 118 in various cases discrimination based on gender and social factors happens openly as part of official educational policy such as the severe restrictions on female education instituted by the taliban in afghanistan 119 and the school segregation of migrants and locals in urban china under the hukou system 120 one aspect of many social factors is given by the expectations associated with stereotypes they work both on an external level based on how other people react to a person belonging to a certain group and on an internal level based on how the person internalizes them and acts accordingly in this sense the expectations may turn into self fulfilling prophecies by causing the educational outcomes they anticipate this can happen both for positive and negative stereotypes 121 technology and others see also computers in the classroom technology plays another significant role in educational success educational technology is commonly associated with the use of modern digital devices like computers but understood in the broadest sense it involves a wide range of resources and tools for learning including basic aids that do not involve the use of machines like regular books and worksheets 122 a one laptop per child device being introduced to children in haiti educational technology can benefit learning in various ways in the form of media it often takes the role of the primary supplier of information in the classroom this means that the teacher can focus their time and energy on other tasks like planning the lesson and guiding students as well as assessing educational performance 123 educational technology can also make information easier to understand by presenting it using graphics audio and video rather than through mere text in this regard interactive elements may be used to make the learning experience more engaging in the form of educational games technology can be employed to make educational materials accessible to many people like when using online resources it additionally facilitates collaboration between students and communication with teachers 124 the use of artificial intelligence in education holds various potentials such as providing new learning experiences to students and assisting teachers in their work but also poses new risks associated with data privacy false information and manipulation 125 various organizations promote student access to educational technologies such as the one laptop per child initiative the african library project and pratham 126 school infrastructure also influences educational success it includes physical aspects of the school like its location and size as well as the available school facilities and equipment a healthy and safe environment well maintained classrooms and suitable classroom furniture as well as the availability of a library and a canteen tend to contribute to educational success 127 the quality of the teacher also has an important impact on student achievement skilled teachers know how to motivate and inspire students and are able to adjust their instructions to the students abilities and needs important in this regard are the teacher s own education and training as well as their past teaching experience 128 a meta analysis by engin karadağ et al concludes that compared to other influences factors related to the school and the teacher have the biggest impact on educational success 129 parent involvement also boosts achievement and ...