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overdrive effects units produce soft tube like distortion by compressing the waveform without completely flattening it much like guitar tube amplifiers overdrive effects units are capable of producing clean sounds at lower volumes and distorted warm sounds at higher volumes 60 61 notable examples of distortion and overdrive pedals include the boss ds 1 distortion ibanez tube screamer marshall shredmaster mxr distortion and pro co rat a fuzz pedal or fuzzbox is a type of overdrive effects unit that clips a signal until it is nearly a square wave resulting in a heavily distorted or fuzzy sound 59 62 fuzzboxes may contain frequency multiplier circuitry to achieve a harsh timbre by adding complex harmonics 63 64 the rolling stones song i can t get no satisfaction with a fuzz effect featured prominently on the main electric guitar riff played by keith richards greatly popularized the use of fuzz effects 65 fuzz bass also called bass overdrive is a style of playing the electric bass that produces a buzzy overdriven sound via a tube or transistor amp or by using a fuzz or overdrive pedal notable examples of fuzz effect units include the arbiter fuzz face electro harmonix big muff shin ei companion fy 2 univox super fuzz vox tone bender z vex fuzz factory while distortion effect units are most associated with electric and bass guitar they are also commonly used on keyboard instruments i e synthesizers combo and tonewheel organs electric piano as well as drums and vocals dynamics edit a rack of rackmount audio compressors in a recording studio from top to bottom retro instruments gates sta level spectra sonic dbx 162 dbx 165 empirical labs distressor smart research c2 chandler limited tg1 daking fet 91579 and altec 436c also called volume and amplitude effects dynamics effects modify the volume of an instrument dynamics effects were among the first effects introduced to guitarists 1 boost volume pedal when activated a boost or clean boost pedal amplifies the volume of an instrument by increasing the amplitude of its audio signal these units are generally used for boosting volume during solos and preventing signal loss in long effects chains a guitarist switching from rhythm guitar to lead guitar for a guitar solo may use a boost to increase the volume of their solo 66 volume effects electro harmonix lpb 1 fender volume pedal mxr micro amp ernie ball volume pedal treadle based volume pedals are used by electric instrument players guitar bass keyboards to adjust the volume of their instrument with one foot while their hands are being used to play their instrument treadle style volume pedals are often also used to create swelling effects by removing the attack of a note or chord as popularised by pedal steel guitar players this enables electric guitar and pedal steel players to imitate the soft swelling sound that an orchestra string section can produce in which a note or chord starts very softly and then grows in volume treadle based volume pedals do not usually have batteries or require external power compressor compressors make loud sounds quieter and quiet sounds louder by decreasing or compressing the dynamic range of an audio signal 67 a compressor is often used to stabilize volume and alter the sound of a note s attack with extreme settings of its controls a compressor can function as a limiter 68 compressor effects keeley compressor mxr dyna comp boss cs 3 compression sustainer noise gate noise gates attenuate hum hiss and static in the signal by greatly diminishing the volume when the signal falls below a set threshold noise gates are expanders meaning that unlike compressors they increase the dynamic range of an audio signal to make quiet sounds even quieter 67 if used with extreme settings and combined with reverb they can create unusual sounds such as the gated drum effect used in 1980s pop songs a style popularized by the phil collins song in the air tonight 69 70 noise gate effects boss ns 2 noise suppressor filter edit filter effects alter the frequency content of an audio signal that passes through them by either boosting or weakening specific frequencies or frequency regions equalizer an equalizer is a set of linear filters that strengthen boost or weaken cut specific frequency regions while basic home stereos often have equalizers for two bands to adjust bass and treble professional graphic equalizers offer much more targeted control over the audio frequency spectrum 71 audio engineers use highly sophisticated equalizers to eliminate unwanted sounds make an instrument or voice more prominent and enhance particular aspects of an instrument s tone 72 equalizer effects boss ge 7 equalizer mxr 10 band eq pedal peter frampton s talk box talk box a talk box directs the sound from an electric guitar or synthesizer into the mouth of a performer using a tube allowing the sound to be shaped into vowels and consonants with movements of the mouth the modified sound is then picked up by a microphone in this way the guitarist is able create the effect that the guitar is talking some famous uses of the talkbox include bon jovi s livin on a prayer stevie wonder s black man mötley crüe s kickstart my heart joe walsh s rocky mountain way alice in chains s man in the box and peter frampton s show me the way 73 74 talk boxes dunlop ht1 heil talk box rocktron banshee thomas organ cry baby wah wah pedal 1970 manufactured by jen wah wah a wah wah pedal creates vowel like sounds by altering the frequency spectrum produced by an instrument i e how loud it is at each separate frequency in what is known as a spectral glide or sweep 75 the device is operated by a foot treadle that manipulates a potentiometer or other electronic control wah wah pedals are often used by funk and rock guitarists 76 wah effects dunlop cry baby 77 morley power wah vox 78 auto wah or more generally envelope filter effects a filter effect that is controlled by the volume of the input signal 79 the most common filter type used for this effect pedal is the low pass filter although many designs include a toggle for band pass or high pass filters as well additionally some designs can switch between a down filter mode and an up filter this effect is commonly used in funk reggae and jam band music envelope filter effects musitronics mu tron iii electro harmonix q tron plus 80 dod envelope filter 440 81 modulation edit chorus effect chorus effect on guitar coming from an electro harmonix small clone flanging effect a short synthesizer sample followed by two flanging versions phaser effect unprocessed organ followed by different phasing effects ring modulation effect bell like sound tremolo effect a low frequency oscillator modulating a tremolo synthesizer vibrato effect a low frequency oscillator modulating a vibrato synthesizer problems playing these files see media help modulation in general electronics means the altering of one signal based on another in audio effects modulation is a control feature that varies the strength or other attribute of the effect over time to alter tonal properties some modulation effects modulate an instrument s audio signal with a signal generated by the effect called a carrier wave 82 other modulation effects split an instrument s audio signal in two altering one portion of the signal and mixing it with the unaltered portion 83 chorus chorus pedals mimic the effect choirs and string orchestras produce naturally by mixing similar sounds with slight differences in timbre and pitch a chorus effect splits the audio signal and adds a slight delay and frequency variations or vibrato to one version while leaving the rest unaltered 83 84 a well known usage of chorus is the lead guitar in come as you are by nirvana 68 chorus effects boss ce 1 chorus ensemble electro harmonix small clone tc electronic stereo chorus flanger a flanger creates a whooshing jet plane or spaceship sound simulating a studio effect that was first produced by recording a track on two synchronized tape decks and periodically slowing one tape by pressing the edge of its reel the flange when the two tapes audio signals are later mixed a comb filter effect can be heard flanger units add a variably delayed version of the audio signal to the original or signal creating a comb filter or doppler effect 85 86 some famous uses of flanger effects include walking on the moon by the police the intro to ain t talkin bout love by van halen and barracuda by heart 87 88 flanger effects electro harmonix electric mistress mxr flanger boss bf 3 flanger an mxr 101 phaser pedal phaser a phaser or phase shifter creates a slight rippling effect amplifying some aspects of the tone while diminishing others by splitting an audio signal in two and altering the phase of one portion three well known examples of phaser are the two handed tapping part on the van halen instrumental eruption and the keyboard parts on billy joel s just the way you are and paul simon s slip slidin away 89 phase shift effects uni vibe electro harmonix small stone mxr phase 90 ring modulator a ring modulator produces a resonant metallic sound by frequency mixing an instrument s audio signal with a carrier wave generated by the device s internal oscillator the original sound wave is suppressed and replaced by a ring of inharmonic higher and lower pitches or sidebands 82 90 a notable use of ring modulation is the guitar in the black sabbath song paranoid 91 ring modulator effects moogerfooger mf 102 ring modulator tremolo a tremolo effect produces a variation in the volume of a signal the tremolo effect should not be confused with the misleadingly named tremolo bar a device on a guitar bridge that creates a vibrato or pitch bending effect in electronic effects a tremolo is produced by modulating an instrument s audio signal with a sub audible carrier wave in such a way that generates amplitude variations in the sound wave 92 93 tremolo effects are built in effects in some vintage guitar amplifiers the guitar intro in the rolling stones gimme shelter features a tremolo effect 94 tremolo effects demeter trm 1 tremulator fender tremolux slicer combines a modulation sequence with a noise gate or envelope filter to create a percussive and rhythmic effect like a helicopter 95 vibrato vibrato effects produce slight rapid variations in pitch mimicking the fractional semitone variations produced naturally by opera singers and violinists when they are prolonging a single note vibrato effects often allow the performer to control the rate of the variation as well as the difference in pitch depth a vibrato with an extreme depth setting e g half a semitone or more will produce a dramatic ululating sound in transistorized effects vibrato is produced by mixing an instrument s audio signal with a carrier wave in such a way that generates frequency variations in the sound wave 93 guitarists often use the terms vibrato and tremolo misleadingly a so called vibrato unit in a guitar amplifier may actually produces tremolo while a tremolo arm or whammy bar on a guitar produces vibrato 96 97 vibrato effects boss vb 2 vibrato pitch and frequency edit main article pitch shifter an electro harmonix polyphonic octaver generator pog a pitch shifter also called an octaver for effects that shift pitch by an octave raises or lowers i e transposes each note a performer plays by a pre set interval for example a pitch shifter set to increase the pitch by a fourth will raise each note four diatonic intervals above the notes actually played simple less expensive pitch shifters raise or lower the pitch by one or two octaves while more sophisticated devices offer a range of interval alterations a pitch shifter can be used by an electric guitarist to play notes that would normally only be available on an electric bass as well a bass player with a four string electric bass can use an octave pedal to obtain low notes that would normally only be obtainable with a five string bass with a low b string a harmonizer is a type of sophisticated pitch shifter that combines the altered pitch with the original pitch to create a two or three note harmony based on the original pitch some hamonizers are able to create chorus like effects by modulating of small shifts in pitch 98 the first mass market digital pitch shifter was the digitech whammy introduced in 1989 99 it creates a strange and artificial sound with distinctive wobbly artifacts 100 101 its users include jonny greenwood and ed o brien of radiohead 102 103 matt bellamy of muse 104 tom morello of rage against the machine and audioslave 101 david gilmour of pink floyd 105 and jack white of the white stripes 106 guitar world described the whammy as one of the most iconic guitar pedals 107 time based edit a vintage echoplex ep 2 delay effect delay effect a flute before and after delay reverberation effect reverb with increasingly longer delay problems playing these files see media help time based effects delay the sound signal add reverb or echos or enable musicians to record and play back loops delay echo delay echo units produce an echo effect by adding a duplicate to the original signal at a slight time delay the effect can either be a single echo called a slap or slapback or multiple echos a well known use of delay is the lead guitar in the u2 song where the streets have no name and also the opening riff of welcome to the jungle by guns n roses 108 delay effects boss dd 3 digital delay mxr carbon copy electro harmonix deluxe memory man line 6 dl4 roland re 201 looper pedal a looper pedal or phrase looper allows a performer to record and later replay a phrase riff or passage from a song loops can be created on the spot during a performance live looping or they can be pre recorded by using a looper pedal a singer guitarist in a one person band can play the backing chords to a song loop them with the pedal and then sing and do a guitar solo over the chords some units allow a performer to layer multiple loops enabling the performer to create the effect of a full band 109 the first loop effects were created with reel to reel tape using a tape loop folded line spring reverberation reverb reverb units simulate the spacious sounds produced naturally in any acoustic space from hall or room to a huge stone cathedral this is done by creating a large number of echoes that gradually fade away in volume or decay one early technique for creating a reverb effect was to send an amplified signal of the music via a speaker to another room with reflective surfaces such as a tile bathroom and then record the natural reverberations that were produced a plate reverb system uses an electromechanical transducer to create vibrations in a plate of metal spring reverb systems which are often used in guitar amplifiers use a transducer to create vibrations in a spring digital reverb effects use various signal processing algorithms to create the reverb effect often by using multiple feedback delay circuits rockabilly and surf 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