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to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 animals toggle animals subsection 2 1 mammals including humans 2 2 ooplasm 2 3 ova development in oviparous animals 2 4 ovoviviparity 3 plants 4 other organisms 5 see also 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents egg cell 91 languages afrikaans alemannisch aragonés العربية مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu azərbaycanca беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski català کوردی čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français gaeilge galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी hrvatski հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر kurdî кыргызча latina lietuvių latviešu мокшень македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ polski português runa simi română руски русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina chishona српски srpski sunda svenska kiswahili தமிழ் ไทย tagalog toki pona türkçe татарча tatarça українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray 吴语 მარგალური 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia female reproductive cell ova redirects here for anime films released direct to video see original video animation for other uses see ova disambiguation not to be confused with egg egg cell a human egg cell with surrounding corona radiata details identifiers latin ovum greek ωάριον ōárion mesh d010063 fma 67343 anatomical terms of microanatomy edit on wikidata the egg cell or ovum pl ova is the female reproductive cell or gamete 1 in most anisogamous organisms organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger female gamete and a smaller male one the term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement non motile if the male gamete sperm is capable of movement the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous a nonmotile female gamete formed in the oogonium of some algae fungi oomycetes or bryophytes is an oosphere 2 when fertilized the oosphere becomes the oospore clarification needed when egg and sperm fuse together during fertilisation a diploid cell called the zygote is formed which rapidly grows into a new organism history edit while the non mammalian animal egg was obvious the doctrine ex ovo omne vivum every living animal comes from an egg associated with william harvey 1578 1657 was a rejection of spontaneous generation and preformationism as well as a bold assumption that mammals also reproduced via eggs karl ernst von baer discovered the mammalian ovum in 1827 3 4 the fusion of spermatozoa with ova of a starfish was observed by oskar hertwig in 1876 5 6 animals edit in animals egg cells are also known as ova singular ovum from the latin word ovum meaning egg 7 the term ovule in animals is used for the young ovum of an animal in vertebrates ova are produced by female gonads sex glands called ovaries a number of ova are present at birth in mammals and mature via oogenesis studies performed on humans dogs and cats in the 1870s suggested that the production of oocytes immature egg cells stops at or shortly after birth a review of reports from 1900 to 1950 by zoologist solomon zuckerman cemented the belief that females have a finite number of oocytes that are formed before they are born this dogma has been challenged by a number of studies since 2004 several studies suggest that ovarian stem cells exist within the mammalian ovary whether or not mature mammals can actually create new egg cells remains uncertain and is an ongoing research question 8 9 mammals including humans edit diagram of a human egg cell labeled diagram of human egg cell ovum and sperm fusing together the process of fertilizing an ovum top to bottom in all mammals the ovum is fertilized inside the female body human ova grow from primitive germ cells that are embedded in the substance of the ovaries 10 the ovum is one of the largest cells in the human body typically visible to the naked eye without the aid of a microscope or other magnification device 11 the human ovum measures approximately 120 μm 0 0047 in in diameter 12 in humans recombination rates in meiosis differ between maternal and paternal dna maternal dna recombines approximately 42 times on average paternal dna recombines approximately 27 times on average ooplasm edit ooplasm is like the yolk of the ovum a cell substance at its center which contains its nucleus named the germinal vesicle and the nucleolus called the germinal disc 13 the ooplasm consists of the cytoplasm of the ordinary animal cell with its spongioplasm and hyaloplasm often called the formative yolk and the nutritive yolk or deutoplasm made of rounded granules of fatty and albuminoid substances imbedded in the cytoplasm 13 mammalian ova contain only a tiny amount of the nutritive yolk for nourishing the embryo in the early stages of its development only in contrast bird eggs contain enough to supply the chick with nutriment throughout the whole period of incubation 13 ova development in oviparous animals edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2026 learn how and when to remove this message in the oviparous animals all birds most fish amphibians and reptiles the ova develop protective layers and pass through the oviduct to the outside of the body they are fertilized by male sperm either inside the female body as in birds and reptiles or outside as in many fish and amphibians after fertilization an embryo develops nourished by nutrients contained in the egg it then hatches from the egg outside the mother s body see egg for a discussion of eggs of oviparous animals the egg cell s cytoplasm and mitochondria are the sole means the egg can reproduce by mitosis and eventually form a blastocyst after fertilization ovoviviparity edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2026 learn how and when to remove this message there is an intermediate form the ovoviviparous animals the embryo develops within and is nourished by an egg as in the oviparous case but then it hatches inside the mother s body shortly before birth or just after the egg leaves the mother s body some fish reptiles and many invertebrates use this technique plants edit nearly all land plants have alternating diploid and haploid generations gametes are produced by the haploid generation which is known as the gametophyte the female gametophyte produces structures called archegonia and the egg cells form within them via mitosis the typical bryophyte archegonium consists of a long neck with a wider base containing the egg cell upon maturation the neck opens to allow sperm cells to swim into the archegonium and fertilize the egg the resulting zygote then gives rise to an embryo which will grow into a new diploid individual known as a sporophyte in seed plants a structure called the ovule contains the female gametophyte the gametophyte produces an egg cell after fertilization the ovule develops into a seed containing the embryo 14 in flowering plants the female gametophyte sometimes referred to as the embryo sac has been reduced to just eight cells inside the ovule the gametophyte cell closest to the micropyle opening of the ovule develops into the egg cell upon pollination a pollen tube delivers sperm into the gametophyte and one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus the resulting zygote develops into an embryo inside the ovule the ovule in turn develops into a seed and in many cases the plant ovary develops into a fruit to facilitate the dispersal of the seeds upon germination the embryo grows into a seedling 14 gene expression pattern determined by histochemical gus assays in physcomitrella patens the polycomb gene fie is expressed blue in unfertilized egg cells of the moss physcomitrella patens right and expression ceases after fertilization in the developing diploid sporophyte left in situ gus staining of two female sex organs archegonia of a transgenic plant expressing a translational fusion of fie uida under control of the native fie promoter in the moss physcomitrella patens the polycomb protein fie is expressed in the unfertilised egg cell figure right as the blue colour after gus staining reveals soon after fertilisation the fie gene is inactivated the blue colour is no longer visible left in the young embryo 15 other organisms edit in algae the egg cell is often called oosphere citation needed drosophila oocytes develop in individual egg chambers that are supported by nurse cells and surrounded by somatic follicle cells the nurse cells are large polyploid cells that synthesize and transfer rna proteins and organelles to the oocytes this transfer is followed by the programmed cell death apoptosis of the nurse cells during oogenesis 15 nurse cells die for every oocyte that is produced 16 in addition to this developmentally regulated cell death egg cells may also undergo apoptosis in response to starvation and other insults 16 see also edit insemination menstrual cycle ova bank ovulation polar body pollination pregnancy spawn biology references edit ovum biology dictionary biologyonline 7 october 2019 retrieved 21 january 2023 oosphere meaning yourdictionary retrieved 12 april 2021 cobb m august 2012 an amazing 10 years the discovery of egg and sperm in the 17th century reprod domest anim 47 suppl 4 2 6 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0531 2012 02105 x pmid 22827343 conclusio from carl ernst von baer s de ovi mammalium et jpeg needham joseph 1959 a history of embryology 2nd revised ed cambridge england uk cambridge university press lopata alex april 2009 history of the egg in embryology journal of mammalian ova research 26 1 2 9 doi 10 1274 jmor 26 2 s2cid 86828337 lewis charlton t short charles 1879 ōvum a latin dictionary perseus digital library horan cj williams sa july 2017 oocyte stem cells fact or fantasy reproduction 154 1 r23 r35 doi 10 1530 rep 17 0008 pmid 28389520 s2cid 207156647 telfer ee anderson ra february 2019 the existence and potential of germline stem cells in the adult mammalian ovary climacteric 22 1 22 26 doi 10 1080 13697137 2018 1543264 pmc 6364305 pmid 30601039 regan carmen l 2001 pregnancy in worell judith ed encyclopedia of women and gender sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender vol 1 academic press p 859 isbn 9780122272455 retrieved 3 november 2013 alexander rachel davies mary ann major vicky singaram s veena dale jones barbara 2006 x kit anatomy pearson south africa p 3 isbn 978 1 86891 380 0 alberts bruce johnson alexander lewis julian raff martin roberts keith walter peter 2002 eggs molecular biology of the cell 4th ed new york us garland science isbn 0 8153 3218 1 1 2 3 the ovum gray s anatomy retrieved 18 october 2010 1 2 esau k 1977 anatomy of seed plants second ed new york john wiley and sons isbn 978 0 471 24520 9 mosquna assaf katz aviva decker eva l rensing stefan a reski ralf ohad nir 2009 regulation of stem cell maintenance by the polycomb protein fie has been conserved during land plant evolution development 136 14 2433 2444 doi 10 1242 dev 035048 pmid 19542356 1 2 mccall k october 2004 eggs over easy cell death in the drosophila ovary dev biol 274 1 3 14 doi 10 1016 j ydbio 2004 07 017 pmid 15355784 external links edit look up oosphere or ovum in wiktionary the free dictionary the ovarian kaleidoscope database description of 1800 genes involved in ovarian functions v t e biological sex biological terms sexual dimorphism male female sexual differentiation feminization virilization sex determination system xy zw xo zo temperature dependent haplodiploidy sex chromosome testis determining factor parasexual cycle sex as a biological variable sexual reproduction evolution of sexual reproduction anisogamy isogamy germ cell reproductive system sex organ mating meiosis gametogenesis spermatogenesis oogenesis gamete spermatozoon ovum fertilization external internal sexual selection plant reproduction fungal reproduction sexual reproduction in animals sexual intercourse penile vaginal intercourse copulation hormonal motivation human reproduction lordosis behavior pelvic thrust behaviour in plants in animals human sexuality mechanics differentiation sexual system dioecy gonochorism hermaphrodite sequential hermaphroditism simultaneous hermaphroditism intersex category v t e human physiology of sexual reproduction menstrual cycle menarche menstruation follicular phase ovulation luteal phase gametogenesis spermatogenesis spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm oogenesis oogonium oocyte ootid ovum germ cell gonocyte gamete human sexual activity sexual arousal sexual intercourse masturbation erection penile clitoral orgasm ejaculation male female insemination fertilization fertility implantation pregnancy postpartum period mechanics of sex vaginal lubrication development of the reproductive system sexual differentiation sexual dimorphism feminization virilization puberty gonadarche tanner scale pubarche menarche spermarche adrenarche maternal age paternal age menopause egg ovum vivipary reproductive endocrinology and infertility hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis hypothalamic pituitary prolactin axis andrology hormone breast thelarche development lactation breastfeeding human reproductive system male female diseases and disorders anorgasmia dysorgasmia dyspareunia erectile dysfunction hard flaccid syndrome premature ejaculation vaginismus authority control databases international gnd national united states france bnf data japan czech republic israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title egg_cell oldid 1376300585 categories cloning eggs germ cells human female endocrine system human female reproductive system hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata wikipedia articles needing clarification from may 2021 articles containing latin language text articles needing additional references from march 2026 all articles needing additional references all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from october 2014 this page was last edited on 23 september 2026 at 08 44 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a 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