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excretion wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 processes across various types of life toggle processes across various types of life subsection 1 1 plants 1 2 animals 1 2 1 birds 1 2 2 insects 2 in fiction 3 see also 4 references 5 external links toggle the table of contents excretion 62 languages afrikaans العربية asturianu български বাংলা bosanski català čeština cymraeg deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa gĩkũyũ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 latina македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu नेपाली nederlands norsk bokmål kapampangan polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย tagalog türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiversity wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia elimination of metabolic waste products by an organism this article is about a biological process for a pharmacokinetics phase see elimination pharmacology mammals excrete urine through the urinary system excretion is elimination of metabolic waste which is an essential process in all organisms in vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs kidneys and skin 1 this is in contrast with secretion where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell for example placental mammals expel urine from the bladder through the urethra 2 which is part of the excretory system unicellular organisms discharge waste products directly through the surface of the cell another example would be how mammals release solid waste feces through the anus during defecation 3 during activities such as cellular respiration several chemical reactions take place in the body these are known as metabolism these chemical reactions produce waste products such as carbon dioxide water salts urea and uric acid accumulation of these wastes beyond a level inside the body is harmful to the body the excretory organs remove these wastes this process of removal of metabolic waste from the body is known as excretion processes across various types of life edit plants edit in green plants oxygen is a byproduct generated during photosynthesis and exits through stomata root cell walls and other routes 4 other materials that are exuded by some plants resin saps latex are forced from the interior of the plant by hydrostatic pressures inside the plant and by absorptive forces of plant cells these latter processes do not require added energy as they act passively 4 during the pre abscission phase deciduous plants excrete by leaf fall 4 5 animals edit chemical structure of uric acid in animals the main excretory products are carbon dioxide ammonia in ammoniotelics urea in ureotelics uric acid in uricotelics guanine in arachnida and creatine the liver and kidneys clear many substances from the blood for example in renal excretion and the cleared substances are then excreted from the body in the urine and feces 6 aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the external environment as this compound has high solubility and there is ample water available for dilution in terrestrial animals ammonia like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials i e urea that are less harmful as there is less water in the environment and ammonia itself is toxic this process is called detoxification 7 birds edit white cast of uric acid defecated along with the dark feces by a lizard insects birds and some other reptiles also use a similar mechanism birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a paste although this process is metabolically more expensive it allows more efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg many avian species especially seabirds can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak 8 insects edit in insects a system involving malpighian tubules is used to excrete metabolic waste metabolic waste diffuses or is actively transported into the tubule which transports the wastes to the intestines the metabolic waste is then released from the body along with fecal matter 9 the excreted material may be called ejecta 10 in pathology the word ejecta is more commonly used 11 in fiction edit excretion was traditionally a taboo subject in fiction and was rarely depicted explicitly although later works have used it for satire worldbuilding horror and speculation about technology the encyclopedia of science fiction notes examples ranging from the reversed social taboos surrounding defecation in brian aldiss s the dark light years 1964 to waste recycling technologies in works such as frank herbert s dune 1965 while spaceflight fiction has sometimes addressed the practical problems of sanitation and waste disposal depictions can also serve social or political purposes ursula k le guin s the ones who walk away from omelas 1973 associates excrement with the degradation of the abused child on whom its utopian society depends while later works have employed toilets and excretion for comedy horror and speculative depictions of future technology 12 see also edit defecation homeostasis human excreta osmoregulation respiration physiology sanitation urination references edit wikimedia commons has media related to excretion beckett bs 1987 biology a modern introduction oxford university press p 110 isbn 0 19 914260 2 marvalee h wake 15 september 1992 hyman s comparative vertebrate anatomy university of chicago press pp 583 isbn 978 0 226 87013 7 retrieved 6 may 2013 kurz bündig ergopraxis 19 01 15 january 2026 doi 10 1055 a 2686 6908 issn 1439 2283 1 2 3 general features of excretory structures and functions chicago encyclopædia britannica 2025 retrieved 23 october 2025 ford bj october 1986 even plants excrete nature 323 6091 763 bibcode 1986natur 323 763f doi 10 1038 323763a0 s2cid 4344886 weiner id mitch we sands jm august 2015 urea and ammonia metabolism and the control of renal nitrogen excretion clinical journal of the american society of nephrology 10 8 1444 58 doi 10 2215 cjn 10311013 pmc 4527031 pmid 25078422 excretion general features of excretory structures and functions encyclopedia britannica retrieved 2021 02 05 1 8 respiration and fermentation biology libretexts 2021 12 21 retrieved 2025 06 07 1 8 respiration and fermentation biology libretexts 2021 12 21 retrieved 2025 06 07 carmichael j 1887 gastro intestinal disorder in sucklings the transactions of the edinburgh obstetrical society 12 edinburgh oliver and boyd 164 173 169 pmc 5487197 pmid 29613104 ejecta oxford english dictionary 2nd ed oxford university press 1989 westfahl gary langford david 2026 sfe excretion the encyclopedia of science fiction retrieved 2026 05 11 external links edit look up excretion in wiktionary the free dictionary ualberta ca animation of excretion brian j ford on leaf fall in nature authority control databases international gnd fast national united states france bnf data japan czech republic spain other yale lux v t e pharmacology ligand biochemistry excitatory agonist endogenous agonist irreversible agonist partial agonist superagonist physiological agonist inhibitory antagonist competitive antagonist irreversible antagonist physiological antagonist inverse agonist enzyme inhibitor drug neurotransmitter agonist antagonist pharmacophore pharmacodynamics activity at receptor mechanism of action mode of action binding receptor biochemistry desensitization medicine other effects of ligand selectivity binding functional pleiotropy drugs non specific effect of vaccines adverse effect toxicity neurotoxicity analysis dose response relationship hill equation biochemistry schild plot del castillo katz model cheng prussoff equation methods organ bath ligand binding assay patch clamp metrics efficacy intrinsic activity potency ec50 ic50 ed50 ld50 td50 therapeutic index affinity pharmacokinetics metrics loading dose volume of distribution initial rate of infusion onset of action biological half life plasma protein binding bioavailability ladme l adme liberation absorption distribution metabolism excretion clearance compartment bioequivalence related fields neuroscience and psychology neuropsychopharmacology neuropharmacology psychopharmacology electrophysiology medicine clinical pharmacology pharmacy medicinal chemistry pharmacoepidemiology biochemistry and genetics pharmacoinformatics pharmacogenetics pharmacogenomics toxicology pharmacotoxicology neurotoxicology drug discovery classical pharmacology reverse pharmacology photopharmacology immunopharmacology cell biology physiology other coinduction anesthetics combination therapy functional analog chemistry polypharmacology chemotherapy lists of drugs who list of essential medicines tolerance and resistance drug tolerance tachyphylaxis drug resistance antibiotic resistance multiple drug resistance antimicrobial pharmacology antimicrobial pharmacodynamics minimum inhibitory concentration bacteriostatic minimum bactericidal concentration bactericide retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title excretion oldid 1373822509 categories excretion metabolism physiology biological processes hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata commons category link from wikidata this page was last edited on 8 september 2026 at 03 40 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents excretion 62 languages add topic