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tinctive sarong kebaya uniforms the overall presentation of flight attendants has transformed over the decades many early uniforms had a strongly military appearance hats jackets and skirts showed simple straight lines and military details like epaulettes and brass buttons many uniforms had a summer and winter version differentiated by colours and fabrics appropriate to the season navy blue for winter for example khaki for summer but as the role of women in the air grew and airline companies began to realise the publicity value of their female flight attendants more feminine lines and colours began to appear in the late 1930s and early 1940s some airlines began to commission designs from high end department stores and still others called in noted designers or even milliners to create distinctive and attractive apparel during the 1960s pacific southwest airlines psa was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included short miniskirts in the early 1970s the uniform changed to hotpants 41 haute couture edit in the 1930s the first flight attendant uniforms were designed to be durable practical and inspire confidence in passengers with the first female flight attendants dressing in uniforms resembling nurses outfits the first female flight attendants for united airlines wore green berets green capes and nurse s shoes and other airlines such as eastern air lines actually dressed female flight attendants in nurses uniforms 42 however by the 1960s a number of airlines were promoting their flight attendants uniforms as evoking the refinement of haute couture in march 1962 air france launched a new model designed by marc bohan at dior introducing the air france model into its haute couture collection 43 hainan airlines debuted their new flight attendant s uniforms at the 2017 laurence xu haute couture show at paris couture week 44 during the 1960s pacific southwest airlines psa was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included short miniskirts in the early 1970s the uniform changed to hotpants 41 photo shows psa flight attendants in 1960s since the 1980s asian airlines especially national flag carriers usually feature the traditional dress and fabrics of their respective country in their female flight attendants uniform it was meant as a marketing strategy to showcase their national culture as well as to convey welcoming warmth and hospitality for example thai airways flight attendants are required to change from their corporate purple suits into traditional thai costume prior to passengers boarding 45 garuda indonesia malaysia airlines and singapore airlines female flight attendants wear modified kebayas with batik motifs on them for example garuda indonesia s design called lereng garuda indonesia is inspired by the traditional batik motif of parang gondosuli 46 vietnam airlines flight attendants wear red áo dài and air india flight attendants wear a sari on all passenger flights uniform and makeup edit during the mid 1990s several u s based airlines required female flight attendants to wear shoes with heels minimum heel heights ranged from 1 2 to 2 in 13 to 51 mm mandated by us airways 47 flight attendants at times avoided censure by changing into more comfortable shoes during flights since their supervisors were less likely to be present there 48 in 2015 the israeli airline el al introduced a requirement that female flight attendants wear high heels until passengers had been seated 49 the airline s workers union stated that the requirement would endanger the health and safety of the flight attendants and instructed its members to ignore the rule later that year the requirement was removed 50 until 2016 some female crew members on british airways were required to wear british airways standard ambassador uniform which has not traditionally included trousers 51 in 2019 virgin atlantic began to allow its female flight attendants to wear trousers and not wear makeup 52 in 2023 qantas declared that it had ended uniform rules based on gender female flight attendants are no longer required to wear high heels male flight attendants can wear makeup and flight attendants of any gender can wear the same type of jewellery and have long hair in a ponytail or bun 53 54 in 2026 korean air began to allow its flight attendants to wear sneakers or other more comfortable footwear while performing their in flight duties putting an end to a 57 year old rule requiring that they wear 3 5 centimeter heeled shoes 55 health conditions edit a 2018 study found higher instances of melanoma breast uterine gastrointestinal cervical and thyroid cancers reported in flight attendants in contrast to the general population 56 specifically the increased cancer cases reported were seen in breast cancer 3 4 of flight crew compared to 2 3 in the general population a 50 increase cervical cancer 1 0 compared to 0 70 gastrointestinal cancer 0 47 compared to 0 27 a 74 increase thyroid cancer 0 67 compared to 0 56 and higher rates of both melanoma and non melanoma skin cancers with reports of the latter increasing with every five years spent in the job 56 the study did not look into what causes this increase but the authors said increased exposure to ionizing radiation from time spent in the thinner upper atmosphere poor cabin air quality as well as disrupted sleep and meal cycles could be factors 57 other studies have found increased rates of breast and skin cancer 58 reduced respiratory health 59 adverse reproductive and perinatal outcomes 60 musculoskeletal injuries 61 and higher rates of mental health conditions in flight attendants 62 radiation edit flight attendants and crew members are known to be exposed to cosmic ionizing radiation which is a form of radiation that comes from space and intensifies as altitude above sea level increases the international agency for research on cancer of the world health organization lists ionizing radiation as a known human carcinogen 61 passengers are also exposed to this type of cosmic radiation but they spend considerably less time on average in the air than crew members an online travel agency report found in particular that travelling adults in britain spend on average 306 hours on flights to holiday destinations during their lifetime 63 in contrast according to the us federal aviation administration a flight attendant can spend up to 30 hours of flight time in seven consecutive days and in some cases more 64 the effect of cosmic radiation on air crew members is a subject of a growing body of research 65 66 cabin crew members are also regularly exposed to more uv radiation than the general population which can make these workers more vulnerable to skin cancers 67 the u s national council on radiation protection ncrp reports that aircrew have the largest average annual effective dose of all u s radiation workers 66 cabin air quality edit poor cabin air quality is a subject of ongoing study in relation to symptoms such as headache fatigue fever and respiratory difficulties among many others that have been reported by flight attendants particularly on long haul routes there is also much concern regarding the transmission of contagious diseases particularly tuberculosis an open question remains whether these complaints are due to poor cabin air quality or to other factors inherent in flights such as lowered barometric pressure hypoxia low humidity etc 68 other chemical contaminants found in the cabin may include engine leakages pesticides and flame retardants which contain compounds that may act as hormone disruptors and increase the risk of some cancers 69 sleep disruption edit flight attendants often have disrupted sleep cycles they are more likely to have disruptions in their sleep patterns because they may work at night cross time zones and have irregular schedules there is some evidence linking sleep disruptions to increased cancer risk 70 flight attendants may also have different lifestyle behaviours related to diet physical activity and health care than the general population which could affect overall health and cancer risk 71 secondhand tobacco smoke edit many of the flight attendants working today were exposed to second hand in flight smoke before smoking bans were enacted in the late 20th and early 21st century the long term effects of this historical secondhand smoke exposure have not been well characterised 72 sexual harassment edit flight attendants are exposed to verbal and sexual harassment 73 studies in the united states and australia have found that the vast majority two thirds of flight attendants experience sexual harassment in the course of their careers including sexual assault inappropriate touching and sexual comments both by colleagues and passengers 74 75 flight attendants describe the verbal sexual harassment as comments that are nasty unwanted lewd crude inappropriate uncomfortable sexual suggestive and dirty they also report being subjected to passengers explicit sexual fantasies propositions request for sexual favours and pornographic videos and pictures 74 the studies also found that 70 of flight attendants who experience sexual harassment on the job chose not to report the incident because they did not think it would be dealt with appropriately or they were concerned reporting it would make the situation worse and their airline was not doing enough to put a stop to harassment 76 and that they have not noticed any employer efforts over the past year to address sexual harassment at work 74 emotional labour edit the concept of emotional labour as the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfil the emotional requirements of a job through a publicly visible facial and bodily display within the workplace as opposed to the concept of emotion work i e the management of one s feelings in private life was first established and linked to the profession of flight attendants by professor emerita of sociology arlie hochschild in her book the managed heart 77 according to hochschild flight attendants do emotional labour to enhance the status of the customer and entice further sales by their friendliness 78 and support this effort by evoking feelings that make the nice display seem natural 79 with regard to how flight attendants are supposed to use their smile in the job the author writes i n the flight attendant s work smiling is separated from its usual function which is to express a personal feeling and attached to another one expressing a company feeling the company exhorts them to smile more and more sincerely at an increasing number of passengers the workers respond to the speed up with a slowdown they smile less broadly with a quick release and no sparkle in the eyes thus dimming the company s message to the people it is a war of smiles 80 hochschild notes that corporate logic in the airline industry generates a series of links between competition market expansion advertising heightened passenger expectations about rights to display and company demands for acting and when conditions allow this logic to work private use of emotional exchange gives way to corporate use of emotional exchange 81 hochschild also writes of how flight attendants are trained to control passengers feelings during times of turbulence and dangerous situations while suppressing their own fear or anxiety 77 the emotional labour performed by flight attendants and cross cultural aspects of it have since been actively studied and are a topic of ongoing research 82 83 84 85 sponsorship and advertising edit air serbia flight attendants tourist fair belgrade 2017 thai airways wrap advertising on a double decker bus in hong kong featuring a flight attendant in the 1960s and 1970s many airlines began advertising the attractiveness and friendliness of their flight attendants national airlines began a fly me campaign using attractive female flight attendants with taglines such as i m lorraine fly me to orlando braniff international airways presented a campaign known as the air strip with similarly attractive young female flight attendant changing uniforms mid flight 86 in the united states many airlines had a policy such that only unmarried women could be flight attendants 87 as well as a mandatory retirement age of 32 for flight attendants because of the belief women would be less appealing and attractive after this age many of the women were recruited as seniors in college and in beauty pageants 88 in 1968 the eeoc declared age restrictions on flight attendants employment to be illegal sex discrimination under title vii of the civil rights act of 1964 19 emirates have long sponsored international sporting events and employ their flight attendants to present awards at wimbledon and other events 89 90 unions edit flight attendant unions were formed beginning at united airlines in the 1940s to negotiate improvements in pay benefits and working conditions 91 those unions would later challenge what they perceived as sexist stereotypes and unfair work practices such as age limits size limits limitations on marriage and prohibition of pregnancy many of these limitations have been lifted by judicial mandates the largest flight attendants union is the association of flight attendants representing nearly 60 000 flight attendants at 19 airlines within the us 92 the association of professional flight attendants 93 represents the flight attendants of american airlines the world s largest carrier apfa is the largest independent flight attendant union in the world 94 in the uk cabin crew can be represented by either cabin crew 89 or the much larger and more powerful transport and general workers union in australia flight attendants are represented by the flight attendants association of australia faaa there are two divisions one for international crews long haul and one for domestic crews short haul in new zealand flight attendants can be represented by either the flight attendants and related services association farsa or by the engineering printing and manufacturing union epmu in canada flight attendants are represented by either the canadian union of public employees cupe or by the canadian flight attendants union cfau discrimination edit originally female flight attendants were required to be single upon hiring and were fired if they got married exceeded weight regulations or reached age 32 or 35 depending on the airline 18 in the 1970s the group stewardesses for women s rights protested sexist advertising and company discrimination and brought many cases to court in 1964 united states president lyndon b johnson signed the civil rights act into law which prohibited sex discrimination and led to the creation of the equal employment opportunity commission in 1968 the eeoc ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flight attendant for flight attendants this meant that they had an official governing body to report offences to and allowed them to successfully c...