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but there is no clear consensus among manufacturers on a particular shape acoustic impedance of the embouchure hole appears the most critical parameter 46 critical variables affecting this acoustic impedance include the length of the chimney the hole between the lip plate and the head tube chimney diameter and radii or curvature of the ends of the chimney and any designed restriction in the throat of the instrument such as that in the japanese nohkan flute a study in which professional flutists were blindfolded could find no significant differences between flutes made from a variety of metals 47 in two different sets of blind listening no flute was correctly identified in a first listening and in a second only the silver flute was identified the study concluded that there was no evidence that the wall material has any appreciable effect on the sound color or dynamic range materials edit historically flutes were most commonly made of reed bamboo wood or other organic materials they were also made of glass bone and nephrite most modern flutes are made of metal primarily silver and nickel silver is less common than silver alloys 48 other materials used for flutes include gold platinum grenadilla and copper 49 types edit playing the zampoña a pre inca instrument and type of pan flute in its most basic form a flute is an open tube which is blown into after focused study and training players use controlled air direction to create an airstream in which the air is aimed downward into the tone hole of the flute s headjoint there are several broad classes of flutes with most flutes the musician blows directly across the edge of the mouthpiece with 1 4 of their bottom lip covering the embouchure hole however some flutes such as the whistle gemshorn flageolet recorder tin whistle tonette fujara and ocarina have a duct that directs the air onto the edge an arrangement that is termed a fipple these are known as fipple flutes the fipple gives the instrument a distinct timbre which is different from non fipple flutes and makes the instrument easier to play but takes a degree of control away from the musician another division is between side blown or transverse flutes such as the western concert flute piccolo fife dizi and bansuri and end blown flutes such as the ney xiao kaval danso shakuhachi anasazi flute and quena the player of a side blown flute uses a hole on the side of the tube to produce a tone instead of blowing on an end of the tube end blown flutes should not be confused with fipple flutes such as the recorder which are also played vertically but have an internal duct to direct the air flow across the edge of the tone hole flutes may be open at one or both ends the ocarina xun pan pipes police whistle and bosun s whistle are closed ended open ended flutes such as the concert flute and the recorder have more harmonics and thus more flexibility for the player and brighter timbres an organ pipe may be either open or closed depending on the sound desired flutes may have any number of pipes or tubes though one is the most common number flutes with multiple resonators may be played one resonator at a time as is typical with pan pipes or more than one at a time as is typical with double flutes flutes can be played with several different air sources conventional flutes are blown with the mouth although some cultures use nose flutes the flue pipes of organs which are acoustically similar to duct flutes are blown by bellows or fans western transverse edit main article western concert flute western concert flute wooden one keyed edit usually starting from d1 wooden transverse flutes were played in european classical music mainly in the period from the early 18th century to the early 19th century as such the instrument is often indicated as baroque flute gradually marginalized by the western concert flute in the 19th century baroque flutes were again played from the late 20th century as part of the historically informed performance practice concert edit an illustration of a western concert flute the western concert flute a descendant of the medieval german flute is a transverse treble flute that is closed at the top an embouchure hole is positioned near the top and the flutist blows across it the flute has circular tone holes larger than the finger holes of its baroque predecessors the size and placement of tone holes key mechanism and fingering system used to produce the notes in the flute s range were evolved from 1832 to 1847 by theobald boehm who helped greatly improve the instrument s dynamic range and intonation over its predecessors 50 with some refinements and the rare exception of the kingma system and other custom adapted fingering systems western concert flutes typically conform to boehm s design known as the boehm system beginner s flutes are made of nickel silver or brass that is silver plated while professionals use solid silver gold and sometimes even platinum flutes there are also modern wooden bodied flutes usually with silver or gold keywork the wood is usually african blackwood the standard concert flute is pitched in c and has a range of three octaves starting from middle c or one half step lower when a b foot is attached this means that the concert flute is one of the highest pitched common orchestra and concert band instruments grenadilla wood piccolo with a modified wave headjoint concert variants edit center piccolo right larger flute the piccolo plays an octave higher than the regular treble flute lower members of the flute family include the g alto and c bass flutes that are used occasionally and are pitched a perfect fourth and an octave below the concert flute respectively the contra alto contrabass subcontrabass double contrabass and hyperbass flutes are other rare forms of the flute pitched up to four octaves below middle c other sizes of flutes and piccolos are used from time to time a rarer instrument of the modern pitching system is the g treble flute instruments made according to an older pitch standard used principally in wind band music include d piccolo e soprano flute keyed a minor 3rd above the standard c flute f alto flute and b bass flute indian edit further information bansuri and venu a carnatic eight holed bamboo flute an eight holed classical indian bamboo flute the bamboo flute is an important instrument in indian classical music and developed independently of the western flute the hindu god lord krishna is traditionally considered a master of the bamboo flute the indian flutes are very simple compared to the western counterparts they are made of bamboo and are keyless 51 two main varieties of indian flutes are currently used the first the bansuri बांसुरी has six finger holes and one embouchure hole and is used predominantly in the hindustani music of northern india the second the venu or pullanguzhal has eight finger holes and is played predominantly in the carnatic music of southern india presently the eight holed flute with cross fingering technique is common among many carnatic flutists prior to this the south indian flute had only seven finger holes with the fingering standard developed by sharaba shastri of the palladam school at the beginning of the 20th century 52 cipriano garcia playing a flute of the tohono o odham culture photograph by frances densmore taken in 1919 the quality of the flute s sound depends somewhat on the specific bamboo used to make it and it is generally agreed that the best bamboo grows in the nagercoil area of south india 53 in 1998 bharata natya shastra sarana chatushtai avinash balkrishna patwardhan developed a methodology to produce perfectly tuned flutes for the ten thatas currently present in indian classical music 54 in a regional dialect of gujarati a flute is also called pavo 55 some people can also play pair of flutes jodiyo pavo simultaneously chinese edit main article chinese flutes in china there are many varieties of dizi 笛子 or chinese flute with different sizes structures with or without a resonance membrane and number of holes from 6 to 11 and intonations different keys most are made of bamboo but can come in wood jade bone and iron one peculiar feature of the chinese flute is the use of a resonance membrane mounted on one of the holes that vibrates with the air column inside the tube this membrane is called a di mo which is usually a thin tissue paper it gives the flute a bright sound commonly seen flutes in the modern chinese orchestra are the bangdi 梆笛 qudi 曲笛 xindi 新笛 and dadi 大笛 the bamboo flute played vertically is called the xiao 簫 which is a different category of wind instrument in china korean edit main article daegeum the korean flute called the daegeum 대금 is a large bamboo transverse flute used in traditional korean music it has a buzzing membrane that gives it a unique timbre clarification needed japanese edit main article fue flute the japanese flute called the fue 笛 hiragana ふえ encompasses a large number of musical flutes from japan include the end blown shakuhachi and hotchiku as well as the transverse gakubue komabue ryūteki nōkan shinobue kagurabue and minteki sodina and suling edit a sodina player in madagascar the sodina is an end blown flute found throughout the island state of madagascar located in the indian ocean off southeastern africa one of the oldest instruments on the island it bears close resemblance to end blown flutes found in southeast asia and particularly indonesia where it is known as the suling suggesting the predecessor to the sodina was carried to madagascar in outrigger canoes by the island s original settlers emigrating from borneo 56 an image of the most celebrated contemporary sodina flutist rakoto frah d 2001 was featured on the local currency 57 sring edit the sring also called blul is a relatively small end blown flute with a nasal tone quality 58 found in the caucasus region of eastern armenia it is made of wood or cane usually with seven finger holes and one thumb hole 58 producing a diatonic scale one armenian musicologist believes the sring to be the most characteristic of national armenian instruments 59 ọjà edit the ọjà which is a traditional igbo flute the ọjà ⓘ is a traditional musical instrument utilized by the igbo people who are indigenous to nigeria the ọjà flute is used during cultural activities or events where igbo music is played it is skillfully carved from wood bamboo or metal and is played by blowing air into one end while covering and uncovering holes along the body to create different notes 60 breathing techniques edit there are several means by which flautists breathe to blow air through the instrument and produce sound they include diaphragmatic breathing and circular breathing diaphragmatic breathing optimizes inhalation minimizing the number of breaths circular breathing brings air in through the nose and out through the mouth enabling a continuous sound see also edit diple flute method frula hand flute irish flute jazz flute native american flute palendag pipe and tabor pipe instrument recorder musical instrument washint vessel flute list of flautists references edit von hornbostel erich m sachs curt march 1961 classification of musical instruments translated from the original german by anthony baines and klaus p wachsmann the galpin society journal 14 24 25 doi 10 2307 842168 jstor 842168 4 aerophones the air itself is the vibrator in the primary sense 421 edge instruments or flutes a narrow stream of air is directed against an edge wilford john n 24 june 2009 flutes offer clues to stone age music nature 459 7244 248 52 bibcode 2009natur 459 248c doi 10 1038 nature07995 pmid 19444215 s2cid 205216692 citation on p 248 john noble wilford 24 june 2009 flutes offer clues to stone age music the new york times 1 2 higham thomas basell laura jacobi roger wood rachel ramsey christopher bronk conard nicholas j 2012 τesting models for the beginnings of the aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music the radiocarbon chronology of geißenklösterle journal of human evolution 62 6 664 76 bibcode 2012jhume 62 664h doi 10 1016 j jhevol 2012 03 003 pmid 22575323 brookhaven lab expert helps date flute thought to be oldest playable musical instrument bone flute found in china at 9 000 year old neolithic site press release brookhaven national laboratory 22 september 1999 archived from the original on 30 october 2007 retrieved 31 december 2024 music in the ancient andes metropolitan museum of art august 2009 retrieved 10 december 2020 thirty two tubular horizontal flutes were discovered in caral made with pelican and condor bones could produce seven different sounds the discoveries at caral proved that music was an integral part of the ritual life of the andean people 5000 years ago goss clint 22 november 2019 the development of flutes in north america flutopedia retrieved 10 december 2020 1 2 sachs kurt 1940 the history of musical instruments new york w w norton company pp 178 179 ancient chinese musical instrument s depicted on some of the early monuments in the museum university of pennsylvania museum of archaeology and anthropology the erh ya c 400 b c says the ch ih was made of bamboo its length was 16 inches one hole opened upwards and it was blown transversely 1 2 3 sachs kurt 1940 the history of musical instruments new york w w norton company pp 158 159 180 kadel ram prasad 2007 musical instruments of nepal katmandu nepal nepali folk instrument museum p 45 isbn 978 99946 883 0 2 banshi transverse flute made from bamboo with six finger holes known as lord krishna s instrument 1 2 buchner alexander 1980 colour encyclopedia of musical instruments new york hamlyn pp 64 65 isbn 0 600 36421 6 1 2 sachs kurt 1940 the history of musical instruments new york w w norton company pp 287 288 1 2 flute the free dictionary by farlex retrieved 25 may 2012 1 2 3 simpson j a and weiner e s c eds flute n 1 oxford english dictionary second edition 20 vols oxford clarendon press new york oxford university press 1989 isbn 0 19 861186 2 1 2 smith fenwick is it flutist or flautist archived from the original on 16 january 2014 retrieved 5 january 2015 flute merriam webster retrieved 25 may 2012 flutist oxford english dictionary american english archived from the original on 11 january 2015 retrieved 5 january 2015 flautist oxford english dictionary british world english archived from the original on 11 january 2015 retrieved 5 january 2015 fluter c 1400 oxford english dictionary fluter webster s revised unabridged dictionary of the english language archived from the original on 11 january 2015 retrieved 5 january 2015 fluter random house dictionary and collins english dictionary retrieved 5 january 2015 flutenist the century dictionary and cyclopedia 1906 retrieved 5 january 2015 tenenbaum david june 2000 neanderthal jam the why files university of wisconsin board of regents archived from the original on 5 january 2001 retrieved 14 march 2006 flute history archived 1 september 2006 at the way...