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e for initiating the civil conflicts in vietnam 1945 1949 120 515 unrest in haiphong indochina in november 1946 was met by a warship bombarding the city 121 the first indochina war broke out in december 1946 from 1950 onward the viet minh was backed by china and the soviet union while the anti communist state of vietnam was supported by the united states the war dragged on until 1954 when the viet minh decisively defeated the french at the battle of điện biên phủ in northern vietnam which was the last major battle between the french and the vietnamese in the first indochina war captured french soldiers from dien bien phu escorted by vietnamese troops walk to a prisoner of war camp following the signing of the 1954 geneva accords with the viet minh france agreed to withdraw its forces while the accords stipulated that vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel with control of the north given to the democratic republic of vietnam under ho chi minh and the south to the state of vietnam under bảo đại 122 123 in october 1955 the state of vietnam s prime minister ngo dinh diem toppled bảo đại in a fraud ridden referendum and proclaimed himself president of the new republic of vietnam worsening relations between the communist north vietnam and anti communist south vietnam would eventually lead to the vietnam war 124 in france s african colonies the union of the peoples of cameroon s insurrection which started in 1955 and headed by ruben um nyobé was violently repressed over a two year period with perhaps as many as 100 people killed however france formally relinquished its protectorate over tunisia and morocco and granted them independence in 1956 french involvement in algeria stretched back a century the movements of ferhat abbas and messali hadj had marked the period between the two world wars but both sides radicalised after the second world war in 1945 the sétif massacre was carried out by the french army the algerian war started in 1954 atrocities characterized both sides and the number killed became highly controversial estimates that were made for propaganda purposes 125 algeria was a three way conflict due to the large number of pieds noirs europeans who had settled there in the 125 years of french rule the political crisis in france caused the collapse of the fourth republic as charles de gaulle returned to power in 1958 and finally pulled the french soldiers and settlers out of algeria by 1962 126 127 french officer and native spahi during the algerian war in the 1950s the french union was replaced in the constitution of 1958 by the french community only guinea refused by referendum to take part in the new organisation however the french community ceased to operate before the end of the algerian war almost all of the other former african colonies achieved independence in 1960 the french government refused to allow the populations of the former colonies the right they had in the new french constitution of 1958 as french citizens with equal rights to choose for their territories to become full départements of france the french government had ensured that a constitutional law 60 525 was passed which removed the need for a referendum in a territory to confirm a change in status towards independence or départementalisation so the voters who had rejected independence in 1958 were not consulted about it in 1960 128 there are still a few former colonies that chose to remain part of france under the status of overseas départements or territories critics of neocolonialism claimed that the françafrique had replaced formal direct rule they argued that while de gaulle was granting independence on one hand he was maintaining french dominance through the operations of jacques foccart his counsellor for african matters foccart supported in particular biafra in the nigerian civil war during the late 1960s 129 robert aldrich argues that with algerian independence in 1962 it appeared that the empire practically had come to an end as the remaining colonies were quite small and lacked active nationalist movements however there was trouble in french somaliland djibouti which became independent in 1977 there also were complications and delays in the new hebrides vanuatu which was the last to gain independence in 1980 new caledonia remains a special case under french suzerainty 130 the indian ocean island of mayotte voted in referendum in 1974 to retain its link with france and not become independent like the other three islands of the comoro archipelago 131 demographics french census statistics from 1936 show an imperial population outside of metropolitan france itself of 69 1 million people 132 of the total population 16 1 million lived in north africa 25 5 million in sub saharan africa 3 2 million in the middle east 0 3 million in the indian subcontinent 23 2 million in east and south east asia 0 15 million in the south pacific and 0 6 million in the caribbean 133 the largest colonies were the general governorate of french indochina consisting of four protectorates and one colony with 23 0 million the general governorate of french west africa grouping eight separate colonies with 14 9 million the general governorate of algeria grouping three departments and four saharan territories with 7 2 million the protectorate of morocco with 6 3 million the general governorate of french equatorial africa grouping four separate colonies with 3 9 million and madagascar and dependencies incl the comoro islands with 3 8 million 133 in 1936 2 7 million europeans french and non french citizens and assimilated natives non european french citizens lived in the french colonial empire besides 66 4 million non assimilated natives french subjects but not citizens 133 the majority of europeans lived in north africa non european french citizens lived essentially in the four old colonies réunion martinique guadeloupe and french guiana as well as in the four communes of senegal saint louis dakar gorée and rufisque and in the colonies of the south pacific population of the french empire between 1919 and 1939 1921 1926 1931 1936 metropolitan france 39 140 000 40 710 000 41 550 000 41 500 000 colonies protectorates and mandates 55 556 000 59 474 000 64 293 000 69 131 000 total 94 696 000 100 184 000 105 843 000 110 631 000 percentage of the world population 5 02 5 01 5 11 5 15 sources insee 134 sgf 132 french settlers caldoches french people born in new caledonia unlike elsewhere in europe france experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the americas except for the huguenots in british or dutch colonies france generally had close to the slowest natural population growth in europe and emigration pressures were therefore quite small citation needed a small but significant emigration numbering only in the tens of thousands of mainly roman catholic french populations led to the settlement of the provinces of acadia canada and louisiana both at the time french possessions and colonies in the west indies mascarene islands and africa in new france huguenots were banned from settling in the territory and quebec was one of the most staunchly catholic areas in the world until the quiet revolution the current french canadian population which numbers in the millions is descended almost entirely from new france s small settler population on 31 december 1687 a community of french huguenots settled in south africa most of these originally settled in the cape colony but have since been quickly absorbed into the afrikaner population after champlain s founding of quebec city in 1608 it became the capital of new france encouraging settlement was difficult and while some immigration did occur by 1763 new france only had a population of some 65 000 135 in 1787 there were 30 000 white colonists on france s colony of saint domingue in 1804 dessalines the first ruler of an independent haiti st domingue ordered the massacre of whites remaining on the island 136 out of the 40 000 inhabitants on guadeloupe at the end of the 17th century there were more than 26 000 blacks and 9 000 whites 137 bill marshall wrote the first french effort to colonize guiana in 1763 failed utterly when tropical diseases and climate killed all but 2 000 of the initial 12 000 settlers 138 french law made it easy for thousands of colons ethnic or national french from former colonies of north and west africa india and indochina to live in mainland france it is estimated that 20 000 colons were living in saigon in 1945 while 1 6 million european pieds noirs migrated from algeria tunisia and morocco 139 in just a few months in 1962 900 000 french algerians left algeria in the largest relocation of population in europe since world war ii 140 in the 1970s over 30 000 french colons left cambodia during the khmer rouge regime as the pol pot government confiscated their farms and land properties in november 2004 several thousand of the estimated 14 000 french nationals in ivory coast left the country after days of anti white violence 141 apart from french canadians québécois and acadians francophone louisianians cajuns and louisiana creoles and métis other populations of french ancestry outside metropolitan france include the caldoches of new caledonia the so called zoreilles petits blancs with the franco mauritian of various indian ocean islands and the beke people of the french west indies religion religions practiced in the empire included catholicism islam judaism 142 louisiana voodoo 143 haitian vodou 144 buddhism 145 hinduism 146 among others the intense anti clericalism that accompanied the rise of the secular and colonialist third republic culminated in the separation of church and state in france in 1905 in the world war i the temporary rapprochement between church and state in metropolitan france did not extend to the rest of the colonial empire 147 french colonial authorities grew frustrated with the vatican s commitment to the indigenization of the non european catholic church and its support for native clergy 148 130 135 territories territories in africa map of the colonies in french west africa in 1935 french algeria 1830 1961 french military territory in libya 1943 1951 french protectorate in morocco 1912 1956 french protectorate of tunisia 1881 1956 french west africa 1895 1958 french mauritania 1958 1960 french senegal 1958 1960 french guinea 1958 1960 french ivory coast 1958 1960 french niger 1958 1960 french upper volta 1958 1960 french dahomey 1958 1960 french togoland 1958 1960 french sudan 1959 1960 french equatorial africa 1910 1958 french gabon 1958 1960 french congo 1958 1960 ubangi shari 1958 1960 french chad 1958 1960 french cameroon 1920 1960 french madagascar 1897 1958 seychelles 1756 1794 isle de france mauritius 1715 1810 comoros 1841 1975 mayotte 1843 réunion 1665 kerguelen islands 1924 île saint paul 1924 île amsterdam 1924 crozet islands 1772 bassas da india 1897 europa island 1897 juan de nova island 1897 glorioso islands 1892 tromelin 1722 french somaliland 1896 1967 french domains of saint helena 1854 territories in asia french mandate of syria 1923 1946 greater lebanon 1923 1943 french india 1673 1950 french indochina 1887 1954 interrupted in 1945 french cochinchina 1862 1949 tonkin 1883 1949 annam 1883 1949 french protectorate of cambodia 1863 1953 french protectorate of laos 1893 1953 siam chanthaburi 1893 1905 dan sai 1893 1907 trat 1893 1907 leased territory of guangzhouwan 1898 1945 china concessions french concession of hankou 1896 1943 french concession in tianjin 1896 1943 shanghai french concession 1896 1943 shamian island guangzhou 1896 1943 territories in the caribbean antigue 1666 1667 dominique 1690 1763 1778 1783 grenade 1649 1763 guadeloupe 1635 hispaniola saint domingue 1697 1804 french santo domingo 1795 1815 martinique 1635 montserrat 1666 1712 1782 1783 saint barthélemy 1878 saint eustache 1629 1648 1667 1781 1784 1795 1801 saint kitts and nevis saint christophe 1628 1690 1698 1702 1706 1782 1783 niévès 1782 1784 sainte lucie 1650 1723 1756 1778 1784 1803 saint martin 1648 saint vincent and the grenadines saint vincent 1719 1763 1779 1783 grenadines 1740 1763 tabago 1666 1667 1781 1793 1782 1784 virgin islands saint croix 1664 1733 vieques 1698 1811 territories in south america saint alexis 1531 france antarctique 1555 1567 fort coligny 1555 1560 henriville 1556 1565 maison de pierre 1556 1573 french guiana 1503 equinoctial france 1612 1615 îles malouines 1504 1701 1764 1767 île delphine 1705 1737 territories in north america new france 1534 1763 acadia 1604 1763 acadie continentale continental acadia 1604 1763 gaspésie 1672 1763 acadie péninsulaire peninsular acadia 1605 1713 île royale 1713 1763 île sainte croix 1604 1713 1713 1763 île royale 1629 1713 1713 1763 magdalen islands 1660 1713 1713 1763 isle saint jean 1720 1763 canada 1535 1763 pays d en haut upper country 1610 1763 vallée de la rivière rouge red river valley 1734 1763 domaine du roy king s domain 1652 1763 illinois country 1675 1722 baie du nord hudson s bay 1686 1713 labrador 1710 1763 vallée de la rivière belle ohio river valley 1753 1763 louisiana 1682 1762 1801 1803 texas 1684 1689 illinois country 1722 1763 1801 1803 vallée de la rivière ouabache wabash valley 1723 1763 terre neuve 1658 1713 french shore 1713 1904 saint pierre and miquelon 1536 florida 1562 1565 charlesfort 1562 1563 fort caroline 1564 1565 territories in oceania new caledonia 1853 new zealand 1840 1849 french polynesia 1842 windward islands leeward islands marquesas islands austral islands tuamotu gambier wallis and futuna 1887 clipperton island 1858 new hebrides 1887 1980 territories in antarctica adélie land 1840 see also history portal france portal army of the levant cfa franc colonialism decolonization evolution of the french empire francization french army units with a tradition of service overseas 1900 1958 troupes de marine 1900 1958 troupes coloniales spahis tirailleurs zouaves french colonial flags french colonisation of the americas french law on colonialism for teachers 2005 history of france kingdom of france second french empire french third republic international relations 1814 1919 list of french possessions and colonies organisation internationale de la francophonie overseas france postage stamps of the french colonies timeline of imperialism references robert aldrich greater france a history of french overseas expansion 1996 p 304 melvin e page ed 2003 colonialism an international social cultural and political encyclopedia abc clio p 218 isbn 9781576073353 robert aldrich greater france a history of french overseas expansion 1996 p 304 melvin e page ed 2003 colonialism an international social cultural and political encyclopedia abc clio p 218 isbn 9781576073353 tony chafer 2002 the end of empire in french west africa france s successful decolonization berg pp 84 85 isbn 9781859735572 herbert ingram priestley 2018 france overseas a study of modern imperialism routledge p 192 isbn 978...