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khang, thanh, muong, vat, song, phuan, khün, yong, lue, meuay, lanna, siamese, chiang, saen, kaloeng, nyo, isan, phu, phutai, turung, ahom, khamyang, aiton, phake, laing, khamti, long, nuea, shan, tsʻün, myang, pyang, yoy, saek, longsang, yuanmen, baisha, moyfaw, changjiang, nadou, baoting, zandui, tongzha, lauhut, bouhin, nuoxi, saigon, haiphong, japanese, german, vietglish, tây, bồi, french, foreign, mantsi, xapho, quan, hỏa, teochew, meo, piu, bóc, thu, hang, tong, padi, roglai, rade, jarai, haroi, chru, quảng, lâm, mảng, khmu, khmer, kháng, nguồn, mường, maleng, cuối, sach, ruc, arem, chut, vietic, pacoh, katu, bru, katuic, todrah, tariang, takua, stieng, sedang, rengao, monom, koho, kayong, katua, jeh, hrê, halang, duan, cua, chrau, bahnar, bahnaric, tibet, xinjiang, inner, mongolia, macau, zhangzhung, xianbei, tuyuhun, tuoba, tocharian, tangut, saka, rouran, khitan, jie, shu, wutun, tangwang, qoqmončaq, maojia, macanese, lingling, hezhou, creole, wakhi, kinh, uzbek, tuvan, tatar, 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south, 20131202233535, http, cema, modules, name, details, mid, 497, papers, ztgl, bible, huangniu, wiktionary, appendix, basic, 黔西布依族仡佬族满族百年, 仡佬族, 仡佬族简史简志合编, 新寨自然村调查, zhengjun, 陈正军, 贵州仫佬族历史文化, mulaozu, lishi, wenhua, xing, 仡佬语汉字近音识读大全, 中国文史出版社, 9787503439148, hanzi, jinyin, shidu, daquan, changmu, 骆长木, 平正仡佬语, 田坝村, pinyin, samarina, irina, vladimirovna, самарина, ирина, владимировна, 2011, языки, гэлао, материалы, сопоставительному, словарю, кадайских, языко, moscow, academia, 9785874443917, dictionary, xia, 2014, bern, peter, lang, internationaler, verlag, der, wissenschaften, 0343, 1344, zoulei, series, psychology, solnit, 1988, publications, tex, 88312, 066, beyond, sheng, 仡佬族母語生态硏究, ecology, 2006, 西南地区濒危语言调查研究, ryūichi, kosaka, 仡央语言词汇集, 贺嘉善, 民族出版社, jian, zhi, 仡佬语简志, sketch, 张济民, adam, smith, lingqibasui, 零七八碎, writing, victor, mair, news, cultural, heaven, mystery, culture, 张済民, andrew, presented, seals, chulalongkorn, bangkok, thailand, 5281, zenodo, 1127794, preliminary, state, art, 2023, 韦名应, reclassification, 仡佬语方言土语再划分, dissertation, andreas, yadi, 2025, 0153, 3320, issn, 1163, 19606028, bja10054, cahiers, linguistique, asie, orientale, voices, rediscovering, luren, david, southeast, moseley, christopher, york, áïâôâááíå, áéïôâááíå, variously, classified, gazetteer, 薄文泽, 木佬语硏究, thị, cáp, nhà, xuất, bản, thông, tin, 604, 0400, dân, gian, sealang, corridor, evidence, bienphong, nét, đẹp, trong, đám, cưới, 麻栗坡县杨万乡杨万村委会翻坡自然村, includes, daya, 打牙仡佬, religious, affairs, bureau, 清镇市民族宗教事务局, 清镇仡佬族, 7541212148, 2021, provincial, commission, 贵州省民委民族识别办公室编, 贵州民族识别资料集, 第5集, 木佬人族识别问题调查资料专辑, shiqing, 罗世庆, 贵州仫佬族, jerry, 7007, 1457, september, 2005, distribution, laurent, sagart, roger, blench, alicia, sanchez, mazas, eds, curzon, 107, 131, peopling, putting, together, archaeology, genetics, alternatively, allegedly, script, found, but, scholarship, certainly, characters, has, set, attested, referring, household, particular, vernacular, loanwords, interchangeably, highly, retains, makes, extensive, prefixing, syllables, important, reconstruction, surrounding, unusual, feature, negatives, usually, come, end, sentence, diminutive, repetitive, serial, verb, constructions, compound, although, numerals, precede, always, follow, noun, function, auxiliary, prepositions, demonstratives, reduplication, svo, head, first, ntɕ, sound, between, tonal, level, rising, falling, preserve, correspond, regularly, pubiao, mpl, prenasalized, uvular, retroflex, spirant, innovation, wandei, earlier, 丁加坡, pumuhen, considers, households, donie, aga, 阿嘎乡, originally, decades, do31, ȵe31, 第三次方言, 板栗湾土语, 尖山土语, 第二次方言, 比贡土语, 龙里土语, 桥上土语, 第一次方言, 猴子田土语, 阿欧方言, 山背后, pockets, bayang, shibanshang, 石板上, 麦巷村, mengjia, 沙井苗族彝族仡佬族乡, tiele, 铁乐村, dengming, 灯明村, huangni, 黄泥村, zəu31, le31, a33, shuangkeng, 双坑村, lɑu31, qɑu35, pəɯ55, 猛舟村, 马场寨, 箐口彝族仡佬族布依族乡, tə31ʔ, lɯ33, to31ʔ, lo35, 布哈给, 布目亨, 坡帽村, ha35, kei42, extensively, 古蔺县, unattested, least, subgroup, others, speculate, isolate, sichuan, gulin, qaw, listed, niudong, aqao, banli, maocaozhai, 茅草寨, shawo, xinkaitian, 新开田, 黔西县, bijie, to31, ʔlo5, 麻凹村, 700, anliang, taiyang, huajiangzhen, 花江镇, dingying, liangshuiying, 凉水营, 晴隆县, ha53, kei33, groups, into, five, 黔西方言, 镇宁比贡土语, 比贡村, maocao, mafang, 新房乡, anxi, 安西区, zəɯ35, 大方县普底土语, daguan, 大观区, dazhai, gaokanzhai, 高坎寨, fenghuang, 凤凰村, xinfa, 新发乡, houzhai, ɣɯ55, 黔西南方言, 遵义尖山土语, 水城大铁寨土语, 高石乡, yangmei, 杨梅区, ega, 俄嘎乡, 米箩区, 水城特区, 麻栗坡县老寨土语, tiechang, 铁厂区, 隆林么基土语, nearby, 六枝牛破土语, duoque, 郎家坝, shangguan, xiaguan, 营盘镇, 马场区, 阿弓区, 黔中北方言, where, means, heijiaoyan, 黑脚岩, 山背后村, liangshui, 青仡佬, 杨柳村, hɑ55, kei53, hɑ53, ke53, north, 黔中方言, 织金熊寨土语, 桥上村, 普定县新寨土语, changchong, weiqi, 白岩区, qɑu13, 平坝县大狗场土语, 安顺县, wangzhai, 平坝县, pɯ55, recognizes, grouped, along, fewer, dingyinshao, 定银哨, populous, yanjiao, 郞家坝, duojiao, shangchong, xiachong, zhe, yancha, 岩茶乡, districts, mèo, vạc, vǎn, che, 月亮弯, yangwan, 杨万乡, dongdu, 董度村, chongba, donggan, 董干乡, calls, chongbaizhai, 重摆寨, chang, 长安江, xiasi, longlizhai, longshan, 芭茅寨, fuxing, 复兴村, huangtuzhai, 黄土寨, wengpao, 翁袍村, qa23, 丁旗乡, 白岩乡, huolong, 活龙乡, 弯子寨, major, branches, innovations, initial, split, cited, proposes, fact, constitute, separate, primary, having, scholars, distinct, perhaps, mutually, intelligible, send, brides, back, forth, khê, bạch, đích, bìch, đich, order, ensure, continual, survival, group, cán, longer, tay, instead, hoang, vĩnh, hảo, moved, however, phố, sính, lủng, dồng, bắc, quang, u33, wei55, yên, minh, va35, ntɯ31, songtao, shiqian, 158, yuqing, 982, fenggang, 706, zheng, 112, 025, daozhen, 145, 989, wuchuan, without, knowledge, whatsoever, entirely, guangnan, maguan, 100, 218, panlong, 862, 024, 501, liuma, 555, xinpu, 新铺乡, huoshitian, 火石田, longtan, shaxin, 405, 679, 311, dagelao, 大仡佬, 湾子寨, heqiao, amian, 阿棉寨, 559, maodong, 770, 250, hongzi, 红梓乡, 584, jinsha, panshui, 泮水乡, 922, changgang, yun, zhongshu, luban, wuma, remaining, more, making, 150, 151, shows, unless, specified, otherwise, yangshan, 阳山村, anliu, 暗流乡, yinqiao, 银桥村, mahuang, 蚂蟥村, wangzhuang, 王庄布依族苗族乡, luohang, 落夯村, wai, 歪仡佬语, crooked, mugang, 木杠村, muyang, 木央镇, year, woman, remembered, kinship, 土蛮语, tuman, distributed, duyun, weng, fuquan, jidong, refer, describes, represented, datapoints, 巴茅寨, madizhai, 马碲寨, 宣威区, 105, 115, 炉山镇, 189, latter, chong, 重安江, data, given, o53, divergent, 洞口村, 米箩乡, both, located, reported, generations, report, qau24, datie, 打铁仡佬语, 水城仡佬语, over, early, estimate, rapidly, declining, intermarrying, local, families, middle, age, limited, abilities, younger, generation, cannot, even, understand, simple, phrases, han, noted, pre, migration, hainan, contains, likely, cognates, see, austro, gēlǎo, despite, 580, census, thousand, run, 350, altogether, monolinguals, gela1265, glottolog, deprecated, gio, 639, codes, chi, wenshan, region, free, item, projects, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, permanent, link, what, here, general, actions, talk, tiếng, việt, tagalog, ไทย, 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ma ao 麻垇 in xinpu township 新铺乡 huoshitian 火石田 longtan 龙潭 shaxin 沙心 etc zhenning buyei and miao autonomous county 1 555 300 townships of dingqi 丁旗 liuma 六马 etc qinglong county 501 300 zhenfeng county 1 024 300 shuicheng county 1 862 only a few elderly speakers townships of yingpan 营盘 houchang 猴场 miluo 米箩 panlong 蟠龙 etc liuzhi special district 8 218 1 000 mostly in the township of qingkou 箐口 longlin various nationalities autonomous county guangxi 200 malipo county yunnan 100 also in funing in dingjiapo 丁家坡 12 13 guangnan and maguan counties the gelao people in the following counties do not speak any form of the gelao language whatsoever and have shifted entirely to southwestern mandarin ethnic gelao without knowledge of the gelao language county ethnic gelao population wuchuan gelao and miao autonomous county 145 989 daozhen gelao and miao autonomous county 112 025 zheng an county 31 706 fenggang county 5 982 yuqing county 4 347 zunyi city 2 158 shiqian county 97 500 songtao county sinan county funing county yunnan 60 vietnam edit main article vandu language the most endangered variety red gelao of vietnam is spoken by only about 50 people many speakers have shifted to southwestern mandarin or hmong the red gelao people who call themselves the va35 ntɯ31 send brides back and forth among the villages of na khê and bạch đích or bìch đich in yên minh district hà giang province vietnam and another village in fanpo malipo county yunnan china 14 autonym u33 wei55 in order to ensure the continual survival of their ethnic group edmondson 1998 reports that there are also red gelao people in cán tí quản bạ district and túng sán hoàng su phì district 15 who no longer speak any gelao and speak hmong tay or vietnamese instead 16 hoang 2013 12 17 reports that there also some red gelao in vĩnh hảo commune bắc quang district who had moved from túng sán commune however the white gelao of phố la village and sính lủng village of dồng văn district still speak the white gelao language varieties edit gelao is not well documented having only been studied by a few scholars such as li jinfang jerold a edmondson weera ostapirat and zhang jimin the three varieties in vietnam are not mutually intelligible and three varieties in china may be distinct languages as well ethnologue classifies gelao as four languages perhaps as closely related to the two lachi languages as they are to each other ostapirat 2000 edmondson 2008 edit ostapirat 2000 proposed three major subdivisions for gelao with a total of 17 varieties 18 the central and southwestern branches shares various phonological innovations suggesting an initial split with the northern branch some varieties cited are also from jerold a edmondson 2008 19 edmondson also proposes that red gelao of the china vietnam border may in fact constitute a separate primary branch of gelao central gao wanzi 弯子寨 anshun 安顺 guizhou also spoken in heizhai 黑寨 dagouchang 大狗场 huolong 活龙乡 pingba 平坝 guizhou xinzhai 新寨 baiyan 白岩乡 puding 普定 guizhou also spoken in wozi 窝子 sanchong 三冲村 longlin 隆林县 guangxi 19 green gelao of hoàng su phì vietnam 19 northern red gelao qiaoshang 桥上 xiongjiazhai 熊家寨乡 longchang 龙场区 zhijin 织金 guizhou bigong 比贡 dingqi 丁旗乡 zhenning 镇宁 guizhou longli 龙里 majiang 麻江 guizhou zhang calls this dialect mulao 木佬 autonym qa23 ɣo53 嘎窝 there are two dialects bo wenze 2003 20 xiasi 下司 in longlizhai 龙里寨 etc and longshan 龙山 in bamaozhai 芭茅寨 of fuxing 复兴村 huangtuzhai 黄土寨 of wengpao 翁袍村 bailazhai 白腊寨 etc of majiang county lushan 炉山 chongbaizhai 重摆寨 of dafengdong 大风洞 autonym lei35 wo33 类窝 21 and pingliang 平良 of kaili city chang anjiang 长安江 of huangping county 22 longjia 龙家寨 zhijin 织金 guizhou southwestern white and green gelao laozhai 老寨 malipo 麻栗坡 yunnan related dialects spoken in yueliangwan 月亮弯 23 24 of yangwan township 杨万乡 fengyan 峰岩 of dongdu village 董度村 chongba 铳八 of donggan 董干乡 ban ma che đồng văn hà giang vietnam white gelao of hà giang province đồng vǎn hoàng su phì quản bạ and mèo vạc districts 19 red gelao of fanpo 翻坡 malipo 麻栗坡县 yunnan 19 moji 摩 磨 么基 longlin 隆林 guangxi in 上冲 shangchong and 下冲 xiachong 400 speakers near dashuijing 大水井 related dialects in wantao 弯桃 and zhe ai 者艾 of yancha 岩茶乡 niupo 牛坡 liuzhi 六枝 guizhou most populous also spoken in machang 马场镇 of puding 普定县 and agong 阿弓镇 of zhijin 织金县 judu 居都 yanjiao 岩脚 houzitian 猴子田 langjiaba 郞家坝 and duojiao 堕脚 of liuzhi 六枝 datiezhai 打铁寨 shuicheng 水城 guizhou 25 also spoken in gaoshi 高石 and miluo 米箩 dingyinshao 定银哨 zhenning 镇宁 guizhou pudi 普底 dafang 大方 guizhou also spoken in hongfeng 红丰村 jianshan 尖山 zunyi 遵义 guizhou 26 also spoken in pingzheng 平正 zunyi along with red and green gelao fewer than 500 speakers qinglong 青龙 zunyi 遵义 guizhou sanchong 三冲村 longlin 隆林 guangxi grouped as central by shen yumay and jerold a edmondson 27 zhang 1993 edit zhang jimin 1993 recognizes the following subdivisions of gelao central 黔中方言 10 000 speakers dagouchang subdialect 平坝县大狗场土语 spoken in wanzi 弯子 and heizhai 黑寨 of anshun city 安顺县 and dagouchang 大狗场 and wangzhai 王寨 of pingba county 平坝县 autonyms klɑu55 in anshun lɑu55 or pɯ55 lɑu55 in pingba xinzhai subdialect 普定县新寨土语 spoken in xinzhai 新寨 wozi 窝子 changchong 长冲 and weiqi 未七 villages in baiyan district 白岩区 puding district 普定县 autonym qɑu13 xiongzhai subdialect 织金熊寨土语 spoken in qiaoshang village 桥上村 xiongjiazhai township 熊家寨乡 longchang district 龙场区 zhijin county 织金县 north central 黔中北方言 14 000 speakers subdialect 1 spoken in yatang 亚塘 maoba district 茅坝区 renhuai city 仁怀县 and shanbeihou village 山背后村 liangshui township 凉水 qinglong county and sanchong 三冲 longlin county 隆林县 guangxi autonym hɑ53 ke53 also spoken by the green gelao 青仡佬 of yangliu village 杨柳村 renhuai city 仁怀县 autonym pu55 hɑ55 kei53 subdialect 2 spoken by the red gelao 红仡佬 of banliwan 板栗湾 maoba district 茅坝区 renhuai city 仁怀县 and some villages of pingzheng township 平正乡 zunyi county 遵义县 autonym pu55 mu33 hen55 where mu33 hen55 means people including in tianba 田坝 heijiaoyan 黑脚岩 pingzheng township southwestern 黔西南方言 12 000 speakers niupo subdialect 六枝牛破土语 spoken in duoque 堕脚 houzitian 猴子田 and langjiaba 郎家坝 of liuzhi special district 六枝特区 shangguan 上关 and xiaguan 下关 in yingpan town 营盘镇 machang district 马场区 puding county 普定县 elderly rememberers only some villages in agong district 阿弓区 zhijin county 织金县 moji subdialect 隆林么基土语 spoken in dashuijing 大水井 longlin county 隆林县 guangxi and other nearby villages 400 speakers laozhai subdialect 麻栗坡县老寨土语 spoken in laozhai 老寨 and yueliangwan 月亮湾 in tiechang district 铁厂区 malipo county 麻栗坡县 datiezhai subdialect 水城大铁寨土语 spoken in gaoshi township 高石乡 yangmei district 杨梅区 and ega township 俄嘎乡 miluo district 米箩区 shuicheng county 水城特区 elderly rememberers only jianshan subdialect 遵义尖山土语 spoken in jianshan 尖山 pingzheng township 平正乡 zunyi county 遵义县 under 500 speakers western 黔西方言 15 000 speakers pudi subdialect 大方县普底土语 spoken in hongfeng village 红丰村 pudi township 普底乡 dafang county autonym pu55 ɣɯ55 lannigou 滥泥沟 shajing township 沙井乡 qianxi county a few villages in daguan district 大观区 qianxi county dazhai 大寨 and gaokanzhai 高坎寨 in fenghuang village 凤凰村 xinfa township 新发乡 qingzhen city maixiang 麦巷 and houzhai 后寨 townships qingzhen city bigong subdialect 镇宁比贡土语 spoken in bigong village 比贡村 and maocao 茅草 in mafang township 新房乡 anxi district 安西区 zhenning county 镇宁县 autonym zəɯ35 bradley 2007 he 1983 edit the encyclopedia of the world s endangered languages 2007 based on information from he 1983 groups gelao into five subdivisions 28 hakhi 哈给 hagei ha53 kei33 green gelao west central guizhou western guangxi southeastern yunnan northern vietnam including yangliu 杨柳 variety in renhuai county southwestern gelao of sanchong 三冲 and qinglong 青龙 hagei varieties are also spoken in ma ao 麻凹村 guanling county 关岭县 pomao 坡帽 in zhenfeng county 贞丰县 and pingzheng gelao village 平正仡佬族乡 zunyi 遵义 estimated by jiashan he 1983 at 1 700 speakers he 1983 also lists anliang 安良 and taiyang 太阳 of renhuai 仁怀县 huajiangzhen 花江镇 and ma ao 麻垇 of zhenning 镇宁县 dingying 顶营 of guanling 关岭县 maixiang 麦巷 near qingzhen 清镇 and liangshuiying 凉水营 of qinglong 晴隆县 as hagei speaking places tolo 多罗 duoluo to31 ʔlo5 white gelao west central guizhou western guangxi southeastern yunnan northern vietnam all other southwestern gelao varieties the niupo variety is also spoken in machang village 马场镇 puding county 普定县 anshun as well as agong village 阿弓镇 zhijin county 织金县 bijie the datiezhai variety is spoken in gaoshi 高石 of shuicheng 水城 and miluo 米箩 of shuicheng 水城 estimated by jiashan he 1983 at 1 200 speakers a uo 阿欧 a ou ao red gelao west central guizhou western guangxi southeastern yunnan northern vietnam including banli 板栗湾 variety in renhuai county all northern gelao varieties as well as southwestern gelao of puding county 普定县 and maocaozhai 茅草寨 zhijin county 织金县 estimated by jiashan he 1983 at 1 500 speakers he 1983 also lists shawo 沙窝 xinkaitian 新开田 lannigou 滥泥沟 all in qianxi 黔西县 as a ou speaking places aqao 稿 gao west central guizhou all central gelao varieties estimated by jiashan he 1983 at 2 000 speakers he 1983 also listed dongkou 洞口 of shuicheng 水城县 and niudong 牛洞 of zhijin 织金县 as gao speaking places qaw gulin county 古蔺县 sichuan mostly unattested this dialect is spoken by the yi 羿人 who are the least known gelao subgroup others speculate it may be an isolate 29 the most extensively studied varieties are the wanzi and zhenfeng dialects while the most endangered one is red gelao zhou 2004 edit zhou 2004 lists four dialects of gelao hagei 哈给 autonyms include pu42 ha35 kei42 布哈给 and pu55 mu33 hen55 布目亨 primarily spoken in renhuai zhenning guanling qinglong zhenfeng and longlin counties pomao 坡帽村 zhenfeng 贞丰县 duoluo 多罗 autonyms include to31ʔ lo35 and tə31ʔ lɯ33 primarily spoken in liuzhi district puding longlin and malipo counties qingkou 箐口彝族仡佬族布依族乡 liuzhi 六枝特区 machang 马场寨 puding extinct mengzhou 猛舟村 puding extinct gao 稿 autonyms include pəɯ55 klɑu55 pəu35 qɑu35 in dongkou 垌口村 houchang township 猴场乡 and pəu35 lɑu31 primarily spoken in pingba anshun puding and shuicheng counties its 4 dialects are dagouchang 大狗场 of pingba xinzhai 新寨 of puding dongkou 洞口 of shuicheng and xiongzhai 熊寨 of zhijin extinct dongkou 垌口村 houchang 猴场乡 shuicheng 水城县 shuangkeng 双坑村 puding a ou 阿欧 autonyms include a33 ɣeu33 阿欧 pu42 ɣeu33 补欧 补尔 and zəu31 le31 柔勒 small pockets of speakers left in zhenning dafang and qianxi counties its three dialects are bigong hongfeng and jianshan shajing 沙井苗族彝族仡佬族乡 tiele 铁乐村 dengming 灯明村 huangni 黄泥村 huashi 化石 qianxi yang er 羊儿 qianxi longjia 龙家寨 zhijin mengjia 猛架 puding weicheng 卫城镇 qingzhen 清镇市 maixiang 麦巷村 qingzhen 清镇市 pingzheng 平正仡佬族乡 some villages including shibanshang 石板上 also called jianshan 尖山 bayang 坝养 puding extinct wei 2008 edit wei mingying 2008 45 30 classifies the gelao dialects as follows duoluo 多罗 vietnam white gelao 越白 yueliangwan 月亮湾 laozhai 老寨 judu 居都 moji 磨基 wantao 湾桃 gao 稿 dongkou 洞口 datiezhai 打铁寨 31 xinzhai 新寨 wanzi 湾子 dagouchang 大狗场 hagei 哈给 sanchong 三冲 shanbeihou 山背后 ma ao 麻垇 pomao 坡帽 yangliu 杨柳 tianba 田坝 vietnam green gelao 越青 a ou 阿欧 banliwan 板栗湾 jianshan 尖山 malipo red gelao 麻红 vietnam red gelao 越红 hongfeng 红丰 maixiang 麦巷 longjiazhai 龙家寨 houzitian 猴子田 qiaoshang 桥上 longli 龙里 wei 2008 39 40 classifies the a ou red gelao dialects as follows a ou 阿欧方言 lectal area 1 第一次方言 longjiazhai houzitian dialect 龙家寨 猴子田土语 lectal area 2 第二次方言 qiaoshang dialect 桥上土语 longli dialect 龙里土语 bigong dialect 比贡土语 lectal area 3 第三次方言 jianshan dialect 尖山土语 banliwan dialect 板栗湾土语 wei 2008 39 considers houzitian 猴子田 red gelao to be most closely related to the gelao variety of longjiazhai 龙家寨 northern zhijin county there are only about 10 ethnic gelao households in houzitian the gelao speakers of donie do31 ȵe31 village aga township 阿嘎乡 shuicheng county 水城县 originally migrated from houzitian several decades ago there are only a few elderly rememberers of that variety left hsiu 2013 2019 edit hsiu 2019 classifies the gelao language dialects as follows 32 gelao red gelao vandu vietnam vandu 50 speakers malipo 麻栗坡 uwei 1 speaker jianshan 尖山 pumuhen extinct banliwan 板栗湾 extinct dingjiapo 丁加坡 extinct a ou mulao extinct majiang 麻江 kaili 凯里 yiren 羿人 extinct hongfeng cluster hongfeng 红丰 30 speakers qingzhen 清镇 nearly extinct shajing 沙井 extinct houzitian longjiazhai houzitian 猴子田 extinct 1 speaker as of 2012 longjiazhai 龙家寨 extinct qiaoshang 桥上 extinct bigong 比贡 30 speakers core gelao dongkou gelao 洞口 3 speakers white gelao telue judu 居都 1 000 speakers moji 磨基 5 speakers malipo 麻栗坡 vietnam central gelao hakei 1 000 speakers renhuai 仁怀 pingzheng 平正 guanling qinglong cluster pomao 坡帽 sanchong 三冲 vietnam qau 1 000 speakers wanzi 湾子 dagouchang 大狗场 xinzhai 新寨 an earlier classification by hsiu 2013 33 classifies the gelao dialects as follows gelao red gelao border vandu malipo 麻栗坡 uwei hà giang vandu wandei renhuai banliwan 板栗湾 jianshan 尖山 core proto kra retroflex spirant innovation bigong 比贡 hongfeng 红丰 shajing 沙井 houzitian 猴子田 zhijin qiaoshang 桥上 longchang 龙场 mulao yiren 羿人 white gelao core judu 居都 moji 磨基 wantao 湾桃 border yueliangwan 月亮湾 fengyan 峰岩 laozhai 老寨 vietnam white gelao central gelao hakei guanling qinglong cluster ma ao 麻垇 etc pomao 坡帽 qau dagouchang 大狗场 wanzi 湾子 xinzhai 新寨 dongkou 洞口 phonology edit many gelao varieties such as telue and vandu have many uvular and prenasalized consonants 34 many varieties also preserve consonant clusters that have been lost in most other related languages these consonant clusters such as pl bl pʰl ml mpl vl and kl correspond regularly with consonants in lachi mulao qabiao pubiao buyang and various kam tai languages gelao also shares many phonological features with bouyei and other neighboring non kra languages tones edit gelao varieties are tonal tones can include level tones 3 and 5 rising tones 13 and 35 and falling tones 31 and 53 comparisons edit sound correspondences between the liuzhi 六枝 and zhenfeng 贞丰 varieties include 3 liuzhi zhenfeng pl pj pʰl p ml m mp m ntɕ ȵ a ŋk ŋ or k grammar edit like all of its surrounding languages gelao is a head first svo language like buyang one unusual feature of gelao is that negatives usually come at the end of a sentence reduplication is very common and is used for diminutive or repetitive purposes 34 other common features include the use of serial verb constructions and compound nouns although numerals and classifiers precede nouns adjectives including demonstratives always follow the noun function words such as prepositions and auxiliary words are often derived from verbs like buyang and dong gelao retains many prefixes that have been lost in most other kra dai languages zhang 1993 300 notes that the moji 磨基 longlin dialect of white gelao makes especially extensive use of prefixing syllables before nouns verbs and adjectives 35 these prefixes are especially important for reconstruction purposes many words in gelao are derived from vernacular southwest mandarin chinese these loanwords are often used interchangeably with native gelao words there is also a highly rich system of classifiers gelao also has a rich set of pronouns ...