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er at the university of toronto s department of computer science in march 2013 google acquired dnnresearch inc for 44 million and hinton planned to divide his time between his university research and his work at google 48 49 50 in may 2023 hinton publicly announced his resignation from google he explained his decision saying he wanted to freely speak out about the risks of ai and added that part of him now regrets his life s work 9 28 notable former phd students and postdoctoral researchers from his group include peter dayan 51 sam roweis 51 max welling 51 richard zemel 38 1 brendan frey 2 radford m neal 3 yee whye teh 4 ruslan salakhutdinov 5 ilya sutskever 6 yann lecun 52 alex graves 51 zoubin ghahramani 51 and peter fitzhugh brown 53 research edit hinton s research concerns the use of neural networks for machine learning memory perception and symbol processing he has written or co written more than 200 peer reviewed publications 54 55 in the 1980s hinton was part of the parallel distributed processing group at carnegie mellon university which included notable scientists like terrence sejnowski francis crick david rumelhart and james mcclelland this group favoured the connectionist approach during the ai winter their findings were published in a two volume set 56 57 the connectionist approach adopted by hinton suggests that capabilities in areas like logic and grammar can be encoded into the parameters of neural networks and that neural networks can learn them from data symbolists on the other side advocated for explicitly programming knowledge and rules into ai systems 8 in 1985 hinton co invented boltzmann machines with david ackley and terry sejnowski 58 his other contributions to neural network research include distributed representations time delay neural network mixtures of experts helmholtz machines and product of experts 59 an accessible introduction to geoffrey hinton s research can be found in his articles in scientific american in september 1992 and october 1993 60 in 1995 hinton and colleagues proposed the wake sleep algorithm involving a neural network with separate pathways for recognition and generation being trained with alternating wake and sleep phases 61 in 2007 hinton coauthored an unsupervised learning paper titled unsupervised learning of image transformations 62 in 2008 he developed the visualization method t sne with laurens van der maaten 63 64 while hinton was a postdoc at uc san diego david rumelhart hinton and ronald j williams applied the backpropagation algorithm to multi layer neural networks their experiments showed that such networks can learn useful internal representations of data 13 in a 2018 interview 65 hinton said that david rumelhart came up with the basic idea of backpropagation so it s his invention although this work was important in popularising backpropagation it was not the first to suggest the approach 14 reverse mode automatic differentiation of which backpropagation is a special case was proposed by seppo linnainmaa in 1970 and paul werbos proposed to use it to train neural networks in 1974 14 in 2017 hinton co authored two open access research papers about capsule neural networks extending the concept of capsule introduced by hinton in 2011 the architecture aims to better model part whole relationships within objects in visual data 66 67 in 2021 hinton presented glom a speculative architecture idea also aiming to improve image understanding by modeling part whole relationships in neural networks 68 in 2021 hinton co authored a widely cited paper proposing a framework for contrastive learning in computer vision 69 the technique involves pulling together representations of augmented versions of the same image and pushing apart dissimilar representations 69 at the 2022 conference on neural information processing systems neurips hinton introduced a new learning algorithm for neural networks that he calls the forward forward algorithm the idea is to replace the traditional forward backwards passes of backpropagation with two forward passes one with positive i e real data and the other with negative data that could be generated solely by the network 70 71 the forward forward algorithm is well suited for what hinton calls mortal computation where the knowledge learned is not transferable to other systems and thus dies with the hardware as can be the case for certain analog computers used for machine learning 72 8 honours and awards edit hinton is a fellow of the us association for the advancement of artificial intelligence faaai since 1990 73 he was elected a fellow of the royal society of canada frsc in 1996 74 and then a fellow of the royal society of london frs in 1998 75 he was the first winner of the rumelhart prize in 2001 76 according to the royal society geoffrey hinton is distinguished for his work on artificial neural nets especially how they can be designed to learn without the aid of a human teacher this may well be the start of autonomous intelligent brain like machines he has compared effects of brain damage with effects of losses in such a net and found striking similarities with human impairment such as for recognition of names and losses of categorisation his work includes studies of mental imagery and inventing puzzles for testing originality and creative intelligence 77 in 2001 hinton was awarded an honorary doctor of science dsc degree from the university of edinburgh 36 78 he was awarded as international honorary member of the american academy of arts and sciences in 2003 79 also in this year he was elected a fellow of the us cognitive science society 80 he was the 2005 recipient of the ijcai award for research excellence lifetime achievement award 81 he was awarded the 2011 herzberg canada gold medal for science and engineering 82 in that same year he also was awarded an honorary dsc degree from the university of sussex 36 in 2012 he received the canada council killam prize in engineering in 2013 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the université de sherbrooke 36 83 hinton was elected an honorary foreign member of the spanish royal academy of engineering in 2015 36 hinton at neurips 2025 in 2016 hinton was elected an international member of the us national academy of engineering for contributions to the theory and practice of artificial neural networks and their application to speech recognition and computer vision 84 85 he received the 2016 ieee rse wolfson james clerk maxwell award 86 in 2016 he furthermore won the bbva foundation frontiers of knowledge award in the information and communication technologies category for his pioneering and highly influential work to endow machines with the ability to learn 87 together with yann lecun and yoshua bengio hinton won the 2018 turing award for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing 88 89 90 they have continued to give public talks together 91 92 also in 2018 he became a companion of the order of canada cc 93 in 2021 he received the dickson prize in science from the carnegie mellon university 94 and in 2022 the princess of asturias award in the scientific research category along with yann lecun yoshua bengio and demis hassabis 95 in the same year hinton received an honorary dsc degree from the university of toronto 36 in 2023 he was named an acm fellow 96 elected an international member of the us national academy of sciences 97 and received lifeboat foundation s 2023 guardian award along with ilya sutskever 98 hinton and john hopfield at the 2024 nobel lectures in 2024 he was jointly awarded the nobel prize in physics with john hopfield for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks 99 his development of the boltzmann machine was explicitly mentioned in the citation 26 100 when the new york times reporter cade metz asked hinton to explain in simpler terms how the boltzmann machine could pretrain backpropagation networks hinton quipped that richard feynman reportedly said listen buddy if i could explain it in a couple of minutes it wouldn t be worth the nobel prize 101 that same year he received the vinfuture prize grand award alongside yoshua bengio yann lecun jen hsun huang and fei fei li for groundbreaking contributions to neural networks and deep learning algorithms 102 german ai researcher jürgen schmidhuber contended that hinton and others in the field did not appropriately credit existing research and argued that foundational work by paul werbos and shun ichi amari in the 1970s on backpropagation and neural networks was insufficiently acknowledged 103 104 in 2025 he was awarded the queen elizabeth prize for engineering jointly with yoshua bengio bill dally john hopfield yann lecun jen hsun huang and fei fei li 105 106 he was also awarded the king charles iii coronation medal 107 in 2025 he was also named the recipient of the sandford fleming medal awarded by the royal canadian institute for science for excellence in science communication 108 he received an honorary doctor of science degree from harvard university in 2026 109 views edit risks of artificial intelligence edit see also ai safety external videos geoffrey hinton shares his thoughts on ai s benefits and dangers 60 minutes youtube video in 2023 hinton expressed concerns about the rapid progress of ai 29 28 he had previously believed that artificial general intelligence agi was 30 to 50 years or even longer away 28 however in a march 2023 interview with cbs he said that general purpose ai might be fewer than 20 years away and could bring about changes comparable in scale with the industrial revolution or electricity 29 in an interview with the new york times published on 1 may 2023 28 hinton announced his resignation from google so he could talk about the dangers of ai without considering how this impacts google 110 he noted that a part of him now regrets his life s work 28 10 in early may 2023 hinton said in an interview with the bbc that ai might soon surpass the information capacity of the human brain he described some of the risks posed by these chatbots as quite scary hinton explained that chatbots can learn independently and share knowledge so that whenever one copy acquires new information it is automatically disseminated to the entire group allowing ai chatbots to accumulate knowledge far beyond the capacity of any individual 111 in 2025 he said my greatest fear is that in the long run it ll turn out that these kind of digital beings we re creating are just a better form of intelligence than people we d no longer be needed if you want to know how it s like not to be the apex intelligence ask a chicken 112 existential risk from agi edit hinton has expressed concerns about the possibility of an ai takeover stating that it s not inconceivable that ai could wipe out humanity 29 hinton said in 2023 that ai systems capable of intelligent agency would be useful for military or economic purposes 113 he worries that generally intelligent ai systems could create sub goals that are unaligned with their programmers interests 114 he says that ai systems may become power seeking or prevent themselves from being shut off not because programmers intended them to but because those sub goals are useful for achieving later goals 111 in particular hinton says we have to think hard about how to control ai systems capable of self improvement 115 catastrophic misuse edit hinton reports concerns about deliberate misuse of ai by malicious actors stating that it is hard to see how you can prevent the bad actors from using ai for bad things 28 in 2017 hinton called for an international ban on lethal autonomous weapons 116 in 2025 in an interview hinton cited the use of ai by bad actors to create lethal viruses one of the greatest existential threats posed in the short term it just requires one crazy guy with a grudge you can now create new viruses relatively cheaply using ai and you don t need to be a very skilled molecular biologist to do it 117 economic impacts edit hinton was previously optimistic about the economic effects of ai noting in 2018 that the phrase artificial general intelligence carries with it the implication that this sort of single robot is suddenly going to be smarter than you i don t think it s going to be that i think more and more of the routine things we do are going to be replaced by ai systems 118 hinton had also argued that agi would not make humans redundant ai in the future is going to know a lot about what you re probably going to want to do but it s not going to replace you 118 in 2023 however hinton became worried that ai technologies will in time upend the job market and take away more than just drudge work 28 he said in 2024 that the british government would have to establish a universal basic income to deal with the impact of ai on inequality 119 in hinton s view ai will boost productivity and generate more wealth but unless the government intervenes it will only make the rich richer and hurt the people who might lose their jobs that s going to be very bad for society he said 120 in december 2024 he had become somewhat more pessimistic saying there was a 10 to 20 per cent chance that ai would cause human extinction within the next three decades he had previously suggested a 10 chance without a timescale 121 he expressed surprise at the speed with which ai was advancing and said that most experts expected ai to advance probably in the next 20 years to be smarter than people a scary thought so just leaving it to the profit motive of large companies is not going to be sufficient to make sure they develop it safely the only thing that can force those big companies to do more research on safety is government regulation 121 another godfather of ai yann lecun disagreed saying ai could actually save humanity from extinction 121 politics edit hinton is a socialist 122 he moved from the us to canada in part due to disillusionment with ronald reagan era politics and disapproval of military funding of artificial intelligence 37 in august 2024 hinton co authored a letter with yoshua bengio stuart russell and lawrence lessig in support of sb 1047 a california ai safety bill that would require companies training models which cost more than us 100 million to perform risk assessments before deployment they said the legislation was the bare minimum for effective regulation of this technology 123 124 personal life edit hinton s first wife rosalind zalin died of ovarian cancer in 1994 his second wife jacqueline jackie ford died of pancreatic cancer in 2018 8 125 hinton is the great great grandson of the mathematician and educator mary everest boole and her husband the logician george boole 126 george boole s work eventually became one of the foundations of modern computer science another great great grandfather of his was the surgeon and author james hinton 127 who was the father of the mathematician charle...