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sauropods evolve into giants including brachiosaurs titanosaurs and diplodocids first ceratosaurs megalosaurs allosaurs and coelurosaurs theropods coelurosaurs many with feathers include early tyrannosaurs and maniraptorans ancestors of birds first pterodactyloids 66 149 2 0 7 kimmeridgian 154 8 0 8 oxfordian 161 5 1 0 middle callovian 165 3 1 1 bathonian 168 2 1 2 bajocian 170 9 0 8 aalenian 174 7 0 8 lower early toarcian 184 2 0 3 pliensbachian 192 9 0 3 sinemurian 199 5 0 3 hettangian 201 4 0 2 triassic upper late rhaetian pangaea forms an arc extending from almost pole to pole siberian traps eruptions wane but hot house climate continues 68 cimmerian terranes collide with eurasia indosinian orogeny in east cimmerian orogeny in west 68 73 sonoma western laurussia and hunter bowen australia orogenies continue 68 74 late triassic emplacement of the central atlantic magmatic province camp followed by seafloor spreading marks start of pangaea break up 75 archosaurs divide into pseudosuchia crocodiles and ornithodirans dinosaurs and pterosaurs mammaliaformes evolve from cynodonts 66 evidence of endothermy warm bloodedness in dinosaurs and mammals 76 first teleosts modern ray finned fish ichthyosaurs and sauropterygians plesiosaurs nothosaurs placodonts appear 76 first scleractinian hard coral reefs first wasps and stick insects 66 late triassic eruptions of wrangellia lip raises temperatures intensifies pangaea monsoons and increases rainfall carnian pluvial episode 63 bennettitales modern ferns and conifers appear first lepidoptera moths and butterflies modern groups of phytoplankton appear 76 manicouagan bolide impact reduces global temperatures before camp eruptions increases them and triggers triassic jurassic mass extinction 77 63 major loss of reef ecosystems reduction in marine genera conodonts die out major changes in terrestrial flora loss of vertebrate genera including non mammalian therapsids crocodylomorphs only pseudosuchians to survive 66 63 205 7 norian 227 3 carnian 237 middle ladinian 241 464 anisian 247 lower early olenekian 250 8 induan 251 902 0 024 paleozoic permian lopingian changhsingian pangaea at its maximum extent ural and alleghanian orogenies continue 68 hunter bowen orogeny eastern australia 74 sonoma orogeny western laurussia kazakhstania and tarim collide with siberia orogenic collapse of variscan orogeny and early extension along the lines of the future atlantic indian and southern oceans opening of neo tethys ocean as cimmerian terranes rift from northeast gondwana 68 late paleozoic ice age wanes and humid icehouse climate give way to arid greenhouse conditions 78 global average temperatures rise from c 12 to over 30 at permo triassic boundary 63 desert dune sands and evaporites dominate interior of pangea 68 78 coal swamps at high latitudes and humid coastal regions 68 63 mosses coleoptera beetles and diptera two winged flies appear diapsids split into archosaurs crocodiles and dinosaurs and lepidosaurs lizards and snakes first marine reptiles therapsids and cynodonts evolve from synapsids 66 guadalupian lopingian boundary mass extinction linked to eruption of emeishan lip south china 6 at the permo triassic boundary eruption of the siberian traps lip releases vast amounts of co 2 leading to extreme global warming and the end permian mass extinction anoxic waters from the deep ocean move up to the shallows 63 eliminating trilobites rugose and tabulate corals and placoderms brachiopods ammonoids sharks bony fish and crinoids see major reductions 78 on land forests disappear palaeodictyopterida and many insect groups go extinct as do all non therapsid synapsids and most therapsid genera 78 6 66 254 14 0 07 wuchiapingian 259 857 0 21 guadalupian capitanian 264 28 0 16 wordian 266 9 0 4 roadian 274 4 0 4 cisuralian kungurian 283 3 0 4 artinskian 290 1 0 26 sakmarian 293 52 0 17 asselian 298 9 0 15 carboniferous note 5 pennsylvanian note 6 gzhelian continuation of the variscan orogeny ouachita and alleghanian orogenies with growth of the central pangean mountains 68 ural orogeny continues with continental collision between kazakhstania and laurussia 79 humid coal swamps form in foreland basins of the central pangean mountains and around north and south china cratons 80 as the late paleozoic icehouse lpia continues waxing and waning of ice sheets causes rapid changes in global sea level flooding these regions and depositing cyclothem sequences 81 atmospheric oxygen levels rise to over 25 before decreasing again 82 appearance of aragonite reef builders including algae and sponges 6 freshwater eurypterids sea scorpions on land neoptera appear and miomoptera show earliest evidence for complete metamorphosis first true terrestrial amphibians amniotes appear and split into two groups sauropsids reptiles and synapsids mammals 66 lepidodendron and sigillaria lycopod trees dominate coal swamps with smaller sphenopsids horsetails and seed ferns between gymnosperms including conifers and cycads grow on drier ground 6 lpia peaks at carboniferous permian boundary a drop in co 2 levels and increase in arid conditions 83 leads to change in woodland vegetation carboniferous rainforest collapse 84 303 7 kasimovian 307 0 1 moscovian 315 2 0 2 bashkirian 323 4 mississippian note 6 serpukhovian continents form a near circle around the opening paleo tethys ocean gondwana forms the southern to southwestern margin laurussia the west siberia amuria and kazakhstania the north north and south china the northeast and annamia the eastern margin 68 the terranes collide with southeastern laurussia during the variscan orogeny antler orogeny continues and opening of the slide mountain ocean along western margin of laurussia 85 closure of ural ocean between kazakhstania and laurussia during the ural orogeny development of altai accretionary complexes along north and eastern margin of the paleo tethys 86 main phase of lpia begins drop in global sea levels extensive glaciation across gondwana 83 increasing atmospheric oxygen levels 82 change from calcite to aragonite seas 6 evolutionary radiations after the late devonian extinctions include brachiopods bivalves echinoderms ammonoids gastropods sharks and ray finned bony fish placoderms and graptolites die out proetida only group of trilobites 6 66 first freshwater mollusks and sharks 6 arthropleura millipede largest ever terrestrial arthropod first flying insects paleodictyopora fish like pederpes and semi aquatic tetrapods eucritta appear on land 66 seedless vascular plants and seed ferns diversify 6 330 3 0 4 viséan 346 7 0 4 tournaisian 358 86 0 19 devonian upper late famennian paleo tethys continues to open as the armorican terrane assemblage ata drifts north and annamia south china moves away from gondwana 68 87 rheic ocean closes as ata collides with laurussia beginning the variscan orogeny other orogenies antler ellesmerian and acadian laurussia achalian argentina tabberabberan lachlan australia ross antarctica kazakh kazakhstania 68 period of high sea levels greenhouse conditions but decreasing atmospheric co 2 levels and slowly cooling climate with glaciations towards end 88 vascular plants increase in size develop large root systems and spread to upland areas first forests seed plants and modern soil orders appear alfisols and ultisols 88 growth of massive reef systems major radiation of jawed fish with appearance of ray finned lobe finned and cartilaginous fish appearance of tetrapods evolved from lobe finned fish early amphibians move on to land first ammonoids 6 emplacement of the viley and pripyat dniepr donets large igneous provinces coincide with global marine anoxic events and the kellwasser c 372 ma and hangenberg c 359 ma mass extinctions 88 kellwasser extinction c 20 of families and c 50 of genera of marine invertebrates lost tabulate coral and stromatoporoid reef ecosystems wiped out loss of placoderms and many groups of jawless fish hangenberg extinction loss of c 16 of marine families and c 21 of marine genera including ammonoids ostracods and sharks 88 89 372 15 0 46 frasnian 382 31 1 36 middle givetian 387 95 1 04 eifelian 393 47 0 99 lower early emsian 410 62 1 95 pragian 413 02 1 91 lochkovian 419 62 1 36 silurian pridoli laurentia and avalonia baltica collide as iapetus ocean closes caledonian scandian orogeny and formation of laurussia other orogenies salinic appalachians famatinian south america tapers off lachlan australia 68 90 series of microcontinents and north china separate opening paleo tethys and closing paleoasian ocean 90 rheic ocean widens between gondwana and laurussia siberia drifts north of equator 68 temperatures increase as hirnantian glaciation ends sea levels rise deposition of black shales north africa and arabia major hydrocarbon source rocks 68 fluctuating climate with glacial advances results in changing ocean conditions causes extinction events followed by ecological recoveries 91 widespread evaporite deposition and hothouse climate by late silurian 6 63 after end ordovician mass extinction major radiation of graptolites bivalves gastropods nautiloids brachiopods and crinoids increase in trilobites but never fully recover corals and stromatoporiods diversify to produce large reefs proliferation of eurypterid arthropods earliest jawed fish acanthodians appearance of ostracoderms appearance of vascular plants first land animals including myriapods first freshwater fish 6 422 7 1 6 ludlow ludfordian 425 1 5 gorstian 426 7 1 5 wenlock homerian 430 6 1 3 sheinwoodian 432 9 1 2 llandovery telychian 438 6 1 0 aeronian 440 5 1 0 rhuddanian 443 1 0 9 ordovician upper late hirnantian most continents lay in equatorial regions gondwana stretched to south pole panthalassic ocean covered northern hemisphere avalonia rifted from gondwana closing iapetus ocean in front opening rheic ocean behind south china close to gondwana north china between siberia and gondwana orogenies famatinian south america benambran australia taconic laurentia baltica and siberia drift north 68 early greenhouse climate cooling to icehouse conditions during hirnantian ice age increase in atmospheric o 2 92 great ordovician biodiversification event major increase in new genera e g brachiopods trilobites corals echinoderms bryozoans gastropods bivalves nautiloids graptolites and conodonts very high sea levels expand shallow continental seas increase range of ecological niches 93 modern marine ecosystems established 92 earliest jawless fish tabulate corals and stromatoporoids dominant reef builders nautiloids main predators 6 appearance of eurypterids and asteroids spread of early land plants 92 late ordovician mass extinction loss of 85 of marine invertebrate species two pulses first with onset of glaciation affects tropical fauna second at end of ice age warming climate impacts cool water species 6 drastic reduction in trilobite brachiopod graptolite echinoderm conodont coral and chitinozoan genera 93 445 2 0 9 katian 452 8 0 7 sandbian 458 2 0 7 middle darriwilian 469 4 0 9 dapingian 471 3 1 4 lower early floian formerly arenig 477 1 1 2 tremadocian 486 85 1 5 cambrian furongian stage 10 gondwana stretched from the south pole to equator separated from laurentia and baltica by the iapetus ocean siberia lay close to the equator north of baltica north and south china close to equatorial gondwana orogenies cadomian n africa southern europe kuunga central gondwana famatinian orogeny south america delamerian australia 68 greenhouse climate high atmospheric co 2 levels atmospheric oxygen levels rose with increase in photosynthesising organisms 94 early aragonite seas replaced by mixed aragonite calcite seas with many animals developing caco 3 skeletons 95 rapid diversification of animals cambrian explosion most modern animal phyla appear e g arthropods molluscs annelids echinoderms bryozoa priapulids brachiopods hemichordates and chordates radiations of small shelly fossils 96 giant anomalocarids arthropods dominant predators increase in bioturbation and grazing led to decline in stromatolites 6 varying oxygen levels in oceans led to series of extinction events followed by radiations including earliest cambrian loss of the ediacaran acritarchs end botomian extinction linked to the kalkarindji large igneous province eruptions c 514 ma with loss of archaeocyathids early cambrian reef builders and hyoliths and end cambrian reduction in trilobite diversity 94 97 6 many fossil lagerstätten including burgess shale and chengjiang formation formed by rapid burial in anoxic conditions 94 491 jiangshanian 494 2 paibian 497 miaolingian guzhangian 500 5 drumian 504 5 wuliuan 506 5 series 2 stage 4 514 5 stage 3 521 terreneuvian stage 2 529 fortunian 538 8 0 6 proterozoic neoproterozoic ediacaran as rodinia breaks up gondwana begins to assemble with the pan african africa and south america east african africa india and arabia and kuungan india eastern antarctica and western australia orogenies 68 98 rapid rise in eukaryote diversity and numbers including early animals first biomineralising animals 99 first cnidarians jellyfish and sea pens 66 580 ma gaskiers glaciation followed by rise in atmospheric oxygen levels 16 ediacaran biota deep water soft bodied organisms 99 16 first trace fossils including simple burrows and first evidence of bilateral symmetry 6 635 cryogenian rodinia continues to breakup 720 ma eruptions of franklin and irkutsk lips mark rifting of siberia from laurentia iapetus ocean begins to open as amazonia and baltica drift from laurentia from c 650 ma 98 sturtian 720 658 ma and marinoan 655 635 ma snowball earth glaciations 16 720 tonian 900 ma rodinia at its maximum extent intracontinental rifting begins c 850 ma associated magmatism becoming widespread from 825 ma including the malani igneous suite eruptions india c 775 ma beginning of breakup of rodinia from c 750 ma 98 1000 note 7 mesoproterozoic stenian collision between laurentia and amazonia results in grenville orogeny which with sveconorwegian orogeny in baltica mark beginning of assembly of rodinian supercontinent 100 diversification of eukaryotes as oxygen levels increase all major modern day clades including archaeplastida e g red and green algae opisthokonta e g fungi and amoebozoa appear evidence for life on land 99 16 bangiomorpha pubescens red algae earliest known sexually reproducing organism 101 1200 note 7 ectasian extensive dyke swarms found across all cratons mark completion of breakup of columbia nuna supercontinent 102 oceans have oxygen rich surface layers and euxinic no oxygen high levels of h 2 s deep waters leading to widespread formation of giant massive sulphide deposits sedex on the seafloor 16 1400 note 7 calymmian columbia continues to fragment with widespread rift related magmatism 103 stromatolites reach their maximum extent and diversity as cyanobacteria diversify and flourish 99 primitive seaweeds appear 16 1600 note 7 paleoproterozoic statherian columbian supercontinent c...