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nd s daughter solange 30 chopin continued to be cordial to solange after she and her husband auguste clésinger fell out with sand over money sand took chopin s support of solange to be extremely disloyal and confirmation that chopin had always loved solange 31 sand s son maurice disliked chopin maurice wanted to establish himself as the man of the estate and did not wish to have chopin as a rival maurice removed two sentences from a letter sand wrote to chopin when he published it because he felt that sand was too affectionate toward chopin and solange 29 chopin and sand separated two years before his death for a variety of reasons 32 chopin was never asked back to nohant in 1848 he returned to paris from a tour of the united kingdom to die at the place vendôme in 1849 george sand was notably absent from his funeral 33 in december 1849 maurice invited the engraver alexandre manceau to celebrate christmas in nohant george sand fell passionately in love with manceau he became her lover companion and secretary and they stayed together for fifteen years until his death 34 last years and death edit george sand had no choice but to write for the theater because of financial difficulties in nohant she even exercised the functions of village doctor having studied anatomy and herbal remedies with a doctor deschartres but she was not confined to nohant and travelled in france and in particular with her great friend charles robin duvernet fr at the château du petit coudray or abroad in 1864 sand took residence in palaiseau together with her beloved manceau for a couple of months where she tended him in his decline 34 sand died at nohant near châteauroux in france s indre département on 8 june 1876 at the age of 71 she was buried in the private graveyard behind the chapel at nohant vic 35 in 2003 plans that her remains be moved to the panthéon in paris resulted in controversy 36 37 career and politics edit sand s first literary efforts were collaborations with the writer jules sandeau they published several stories together signing them jules sand sand s first published novel rose et blanche 1831 was written in collaboration with sandeau 38 she subsequently adopted for her first independent novel indiana 1832 the pen name that made her famous george sand 39 george sand by charles louis gratia c 1835 by the age of 27 sand was europe s most popular writer of either gender 19 more popular than both victor hugo and honoré de balzac in england in the 1830s and 1840s 4 and she remained immensely popular as a writer throughout her lifetime and long after her death early in her career her work was in high demand by 1836 the first of several compendia of her writings was published in 24 volumes 40 41 in total four separate editions of her complete works were published during her lifetime in 1880 her children sold the rights to her literary estate for 125 000 francs 40 equivalent to 36 kg of gold or 1 3 million 2015 us dollars 42 drawing from her childhood experiences of the countryside sand wrote the pastoral novels la mare au diable 1846 françois le champi 1847 1848 la petite fadette 1849 and les beaux messieurs de bois doré 1857 43 a winter in majorca described the period that she and chopin spent on that island from 1838 to 1839 her other novels include indiana 1832 lélia 1833 mauprat 1837 le compagnon du tour de france 1840 consuelo 1842 1843 and le meunier d angibault 1845 theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces include histoire de ma vie 1855 elle et lui 1859 about her affair with musset journal intime posthumously published in 1926 and correspondence sand often performed her theatrical works in her small private theatre at the nohant estate 44 political views edit sand also wrote literary criticism and political texts in her early life she sided with the poor and working class as well as championing women s rights when the 1848 revolution began she was an ardent republican sand started her own newspaper published in a workers co operative 45 politically she became very active after 1841 and the leaders of the day often consulted with her and took her advice she was a member of the provisional government of 1848 issuing a series of fiery manifestos while many republicans were imprisoned or went to exile after louis napoléon bonaparte s coup d état of december 1851 she remained in france maintained an ambiguous relationship with the new regime and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences for her friends 19 sand was known for her implication and writings during the paris commune of 1871 where she took a position for the versailles assembly against the communards urging them to take violent action against the rebels 46 she was appalled by the violence of the paris commune writing the horrible adventure continues they ransom they threaten they arrest they judge they have taken over all the city halls all the public establishments they re pillaging the munitions and the food supplies 47 criticism edit george sand was an idea she has a unique place in our age others are great men she was a great woman victor hugo les funérailles de george sand 48 sand s writing was immensely popular during her lifetime and she was highly respected by the literary and cultural elite in france victor hugo in the eulogy he gave at her funeral said the lyre was within her 49 in this country whose law is to complete the french revolution and begin that of the equality of the sexes being a part of the equality of men a great woman was needed it was necessary to prove that a woman could have all the manly gifts without losing any of her angelic qualities be strong without ceasing to be tender george sand proved it victor hugo les funérailles de george sand eugène delacroix was a friend and respected her literary gifts 50 flaubert was an unabashed admirer 51 honoré de balzac who knew sand once said that if someone thought she wrote badly it was because their own standards of criticism were inadequate he also noted that her treatment of imagery in her works showed that her writing had an exceptional subtlety having the ability to virtually put the image in the word 52 53 alfred de vigny referred to her as sappho 49 not all of her contemporaries admired her or her writing poet charles baudelaire was one contemporary critic of george sand 54 she is stupid heavy and garrulous her ideas on morals have the same depth of judgment and delicacy of feeling as those of janitresses and kept women the fact that there are men who could become enamoured of this slut is indeed a proof of the abasement of the men of this generation 55 influences on literature edit fyodor dostoevsky read widely in the numerous novels of george sand and translated her la dernière aldini in 1844 only to learn that it had already been published in russian 56 in his mature period he expressed an ambiguous attitude towards her for instance in his novella notes from underground the narrator refers to sentiments he expresses as i launch off at that point into european inexplicably lofty subtleties à la george sand 57 the english poet elizabeth barrett browning 1806 61 wrote two poems to george sand a desire 1853 and to george sand a recognition the american poet walt whitman cited sand s novel consuelo as a personal favorite and the sequel to this novel la comtesse de rudolstadt contains at least a couple of passages that appear to have had a very direct influence on him in addition to her influences on english and russian literature sand s writing and political views informed numerous 19th century authors in spain and latin america including gertrudis gómez de avellaneda the cuban born writer who also published and lived in spain 23 critics have noted structural and thematic similarities between george sand s indiana published in 1832 and gómez de avellaneda s anti slavery novel sab published in 1841 23 george sand by auguste charpentier 1838 in the first episode of the overture to swann s way the first novel in marcel proust s in search of lost time sequence a young distraught marcel is calmed by his mother as she reads from françois le champi a novel which it is explained was part of a gift from his grandmother which also included la mare au diable la petite fadette and les maîtres sonneurs as with many episodes involving art in à la recherche du temps perdu this reminiscence includes commentary on the work but by time regained proust writes that the pen of george sand no longer seemed to me as for so long it had seemed to my mother before she had gradually come to model her literary tastes upon mine in the least a magic pen sand is also referred to in virginia woolf s book length essay a room of one s own along with george eliot and charlotte brontë as all victims of inner strife as their writings prove sought ineffectively to veil themselves by using the name of a man 58 frequent literary references to george sand appear in possession 1990 by a s byatt and in the play voyage the first part of tom stoppard s the coast of utopia trilogy 2002 george sand makes an appearance in isabel allende s zorro going still by her given name as a young girl in love with diego de la vega zorro citation needed chopin sand and her children are the main characters of the theater play by polish writer jarosław iwaszkiewicz a summer in nohant which premiered in 1930 the play presenting the final stage of the writer composer s relationship was adapted five times by polish television in 1963 with antonina gordon górecka as sand and gustaw holoubek as chopin in 1972 with halina mikołajska and leszek herdegen in 1980 with anna polony and michał pawlicki in 1999 with joanna szczepkowska who portrayed solange in the 1980 version and piotr skiba and in 2021 with katarzyna herman and marek kossakowski briefly a delicious life a 2022 novel by nell stevens features chopin and george sand as protagonists and is a fictional account of their 1838 39 holiday in mallorca 59 legacy edit in film edit george sand is portrayed by merle oberon in a song to remember 60 by patricia morison in song without end 61 by rosemary harris in notorious woman 62 by judy davis in james lapine s 1991 british american film impromptu and by juliette binoche in the 1999 french film children of the century les enfants du siècle 63 also in george who french george qui a 1973 french biographical film directed by michèle rosier and starring anne wiazemsky as george sand alain libolt and denis gunsbourg in the 2002 polish film chopin desire for love directed by jerzy antczak george sand is portrayed by danuta stenka in the french film flashback directed by caroline vigneaux george sand is portrayed by suzanne clément george sand is also portrayed by nine d urso in the 2025 tv series la rebelle les aventures de la jeune george sand the show portrays an intimate relationship between d urso and barbara pravi who plays marie dorval museums edit sand s home now the house of george sand in the indre department has been acquired by the french state and is a museum dedicated to her the musée de la vie romantique in the 9th arrondissement of paris has many mementos of sand works edit novels edit rose et blanche 1831 with jules sandeau indiana 1832 valentine 1832 lélia fr 1833 andréa 1833 mattéa 1833 jacques 1833 kouroglou épopée persane 1833 leone leoni 1833 andré 1834 la marquise 1834 simon 1835 mauprat 1837 les maîtres mosaïstes the master mosaic workers 1837 l orco 1838 l uscoque the uscoque or the corsair 1838 spiridion fr 1839 pauline fr 1839 horace 1840 le compagnon du tour de france the journeyman joiner or the companion of the tour of france 1840 consuelo 1842 la comtesse de rudolstadt countess of rudolstadt 1843 a sequel to consuelo jeanne fr 1844 teverino 1845 translated as jealousy teverino le péché de m antoine the sin of m antoine 1845 le meunier d angibault the miller of angibault 1845 la mare au diable the devil s pool 1846 lucrezia floriani 1846 françois le champi the country waif 1847 la petite fadette 1849 château des désertes 1850 histoire du véritable gribouille 1851 translated as the mysterious tale of gentle jack and lord bumblebee les maîtres sonneurs the bagpipers 1853 isidora 1853 la daniella 1857 les beaux messiers de bois dore the gallant lords of bois dore or the fine gentlemen of bois dore 1857 elle et lui she and he 1859 narcisse 1859 jean de la roche 1859 l homme de neige the snow man 1859 la ville noire the black city 1860 marquis de villemer 1860 valvedre 1861 antonia 1863 mademoiselle la quintinie 1863 laura voyage dans le cristal laura or voyage into the crystal 1864 monsieur sylvestre 1866 le dernier amour 1866 dedicated to flaubert mademoiselle merquem 1868 pierre qui roule a rolling stone 1870 le beau laurence handsome lawrence 1870 a sequel to pierre qui roule malgretout 1870 cesarine dietrich 1871 nanon 1872 ma sœur jeanne my sister jeannie 1874 flamarande 1875 les deux frères 1875 a sequel to flamarande marianne fr 1876 la tour de percemont the tower of percemont 1876 plays edit gabriel 1839 cosima ou la haine dans l amour 1840 les sept cordes de la lyre translated as a woman s version of the faust legend the seven strings of the lyre 1840 françois le champi 1849 claudie 1851 le mariage de victorine 1851 le pressoir 1853 french adaptation of as you like it 1856 le pavé 1862 the paving stone le marquis de villemer 1864 le lis du japon 1866 the japanese lily l autre 1870 with sarah bernhardt un bienfait n est jamais perdu 1872 a good deed is never wasted autobiography edit voyage en auvergne autobiographical sketch 1827 un hiver à majorque 1842 histoire de ma vie story of my life autobiography up to the revolution of 1848 1855 source george sand 1804 1876 auteur du texte data bnf fr bibliothèque nationale de france retrieved 12 june 2019 see also edit elizabeth ann ashurst translator pauline viardot references edit citations edit dupin s first christian name is sometimes rendered as amandine hart kathleen 2004 revolution and women s autobiography in nineteenth century france rodopi p 91 lewis linda m 2003 germaine de staël george sand and the victorian woman artist university of missouri press p 48 1 2 3 thomson patricia july 1972 george sand and english reviewers the first twenty years modern language review 67 3 501 516 doi 10 2307 3726119 jstor 3726119 musée de la vie romantique family tree paris cbx41 citation cs1 maint deprecated archival service link sand george 1982 lelia maria espinosa bloomington indiana university press isbn 978 0 253 33318 6 oclc 694516159 1 2 george sand french novelist encyclopedia britannica 2 march 2026 garber megan 4 february 2013 it just became legal for parisian women to wear pants the atlantic retrieved 23 november 2022 wills matthew 28 may 2022 rosa bonheur s permission to wear pants jstor daily retrieved 23 november 2022 paris women finally allowed to wear trousers bbc news 4 february 2013 retrieved 23 november 2022 le parisien 18 april 2012 une permission de travestissement pour georg...