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the (162), and (43), gums (36), gingival (30), gum (29), edit (18), teeth (17), tissue (16), periodontal (15), with (14), gingiva (14), #attached (14), from (13), marginal (13), healthy (13), tooth (12), can (12), mouth (11), are (11), dental (10), may (9), this (9), other (9), molar (9), interdental (9), free (9), disease (9), have (9), premolar (8), incisor (8), epithelium (8), periodontitis (8), that (8), wikipedia (7), anatomy (7), fibers (7), margin (7), for (7), when (7), surface (7), underlying (7), page (6), wayback (6), junction (6), sulcus (6), stippling (6), bone (6), clinical (6), width (6), appearance (6), links (5), papilla (5), root (5), first (5), periodontium (5), graft (5), alveolar (5), machine (5), archived (5), also (5), which (5), such (5), texture (5), color (5), toggle (4), contents (4), search (4), contact (4), about (4), commons (4), wikidata (4), enamel (4), second (4), see (4), gland (4), soft (4), tools (4), pocket (4), oral (4), gingivitis (4), firm (4), 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f healthy gums subsection 2 1 color 2 2 contour 2 3 texture 2 4 reaction to disturbance 3 clinical significance 4 see also 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents gums 80 languages aragonés العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ авар bikol central беларуская betawi български català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ کوردی čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dagbanli deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi võro français gaeilge galego עברית हिन्दी magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido italiano 日本語 jawa қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 kurdî latina лакку lietuvių latviešu मराठी bahasa melayu مازِرونی plattdüütsch nederlands norsk bokmål pangasinan kapampangan polski português română русский संस्कृतम् sicilianu srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina soomaaliga српски srpski svenska kiswahili తెలుగు ไทย tagalog türkçe chitumbuka українська اردو tiếng việt 吴语 yorùbá 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from gingiva soft tissue surrounding the roots of the teeth this article about biology may be excessively human centric please improve coverage for other species and discuss this issue on the talk page learn how and when to remove this message for other uses of gum see gum disambiguation gums cross section of a tooth with gums labeled details identifiers latin gingiva mesh d005881 ta98 a05 1 01 108 a03 1 03 003 a03 1 03 004 ta2 2790 fma 59762 anatomical terminology edit on wikidata the gums or gingiva pl gingivae consist of the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth gum health and disease can have an effect on general health 1 structure edit the gums are part of the soft tissue lining of the mouth they surround the teeth and provide a seal around them unlike the soft tissue linings of the lips and cheeks most of the gums are tightly bound to the underlying bone which helps resist the friction of food passing over them thus when healthy they present an effective barrier to the barrage of periodontal insults to deeper tissue healthy gums are usually coral pink in light skinned people and may be naturally darker with melanin pigmentation changes in color particularly increased redness together with swelling and an increased tendency to bleed suggest an inflammation that is possibly due to the accumulation of bacterial plaque overall the clinical appearance of the tissue reflects the underlying histology both when healthy and diseased when gum tissue is not healthy it can provide a gateway for periodontal disease to advance into the deeper tissue of the periodontium leading to a poorer prognosis for long term retention of the teeth both the type of periodontal therapy and homecare instructions given to patients by dental professionals and restorative care are based on the clinical conditions of the tissue 2 a diagram of the periodontium the crown of the tooth is covered by enamel a dentin b the root of the tooth is covered by cementum c alveolar bone d subepithelial connective tissue e oral epithelium f free gingival margin g gingival sulcus h principal gingival fibers i alveolar crest fibers of the periodontal ligament pdl j horizontal fibers of the pdl k oblique fibers of the pdl anatomically the gums are divided into marginal attached and interdental areas marginal gums edit the marginal gum is the edge of the gums surrounding the teeth in collar like fashion in about half of individuals it is demarcated from the adjacent attached gums by a shallow linear depression the free gingival groove this slight depression on the outer surface of the gum does not correspond to the depth of the gingival sulcus but instead to the apical border of the junctional epithelium this outer groove varies in depth according to the area of the oral cavity the groove is very prominent on mandibular anteriors and premolars the marginal gum varies in width from 0 5 to 2 0 mm from the free gingival crest to the attached gingiva the marginal gingiva follows the scalloped pattern established by the contour of the cementoenamel junction cej of the teeth the marginal gingiva has a more translucent appearance than the attached gingiva yet has a similar clinical appearance including pinkness dullness and firmness in contrast the marginal gingiva lacks the presence of stippling and the tissue is mobile or free from the underlying tooth surface as can be demonstrated with a periodontal probe the marginal gingiva is stabilized by the gingival fibers that have no bony support the gingival margin or free gingival crest at the most superficial part of the marginal gingiva is also easily seen clinically and its location should be recorded on a patient s chart 2 attached gum edit the attached gums are continuous with the marginal gum it is firm resilient and tightly bound to the underlying periosteum of alveolar bone the facial aspect of the attached gum extends to the relatively loose and movable alveolar mucosa from which it is demarcated by the mucogingival junction attached gum may present with surface stippling the tissue when dried is dull firm and immobile with varying amounts of stippling the width of the attached gum varies according to its location the width of the attached gum on the facial aspect differs in different areas of the mouth it is generally greatest in the incisor region 3 5 4 5 mm 0 14 0 18 in in the maxilla and 3 3 3 9 mm 0 13 0 15 in in the mandible and less in the posterior segments with the least width in the first premolar area 1 9 mm 0 075 in in the maxilla and 1 8 mm 0 071 in in the mandible however certain levels of attached gum may be necessary for the stability of the underlying root of the tooth 2 interdental gum edit the interdental gum lies between the teeth they occupy the gingival embrasure which is the interproximal space beneath the area of tooth contact the interdental papilla can be pyramidal or have a col shape attached gums are resistant to the forces of chewing and covered in keratin the col varies in depth and width depending on the expanse of the contacting tooth surfaces the epithelium covering the col consists of the marginal gum of the adjacent teeth except that it is nonkeratinized it is mainly present in the broad interdental gingiva of the posterior teeth and generally is not present with those interproximal tissue associated with anterior teeth because the latter tissue is narrower in the absence of contact between adjacent teeth the attached gum extends uninterrupted from the facial to the lingual aspect the col may be important in the formation of periodontal disease but is visible clinically only when teeth are extracted 2 characteristics of healthy gums edit color edit natural coral pink gums without any pigmentation hyperpigmentation of the gum in a 22 year old nonsmoker female patient healthy gums usually have a color that has been described as coral pink other colours like red white and blue can signify inflammation gingivitis or pathology smoking or drug use can cause discoloring as well such as meth mouth although described as the colour coral pink variation in colour is possible this can be the result of factors such as thickness and degree of keratinization of the epithelium blood flow to the gums natural pigmentation of the skin disease and medications 3 since the colour of the gums can vary uniformity of colour is more important than the underlying color itself excess deposits of melanin can cause dark spots or patches on the gums melanin gingival hyperpigmentation especially at the base of the interdental papillae gum depigmentation aka gum bleaching is a procedure used in cosmetic dentistry to remove these discolorations contour edit healthy gums have a smooth curved or scalloped appearance around each tooth healthy gums fill and fit each space between the teeth unlike the swollen gum papilla seen in gingivitis or the empty interdental embrasure seen in periodontal disease healthy gums hold tight to each tooth in that the gum surface narrows to knife edge thin at the free gingival margin on the other hand inflamed gums have a puffy or rolled margin texture edit healthy gums have a firm texture that is resistant to movement and the surface texture often exhibits surface stippling demonstrating an orange peel like texture unhealthy gums on the other hand are often swollen and less firm reaction to disturbance edit healthy gums usually have no reaction to normal disturbance such as brushing or periodontal probing unhealthy gums conversely will show bleeding on probing bop and or purulent exudate clinical significance edit the gingival cavity microecosystem fueled by food residues and saliva can support the growth of many microorganisms of which some can be injurious to health improper or insufficient oral hygiene can thus lead to many gum and periodontal disorders including gingivitis or periodontitis which are major causes for tooth failure recent studies have also shown that anabolic steroids are also closely associated with gingival enlargement requiring a gingivectomy for many cases gingival recession is when there is an apical movement of the gum margin away from the biting occlusal surface 4 it may indicate an underlying inflammation such as periodontitis 5 or pyorrhea 5 a pocket formation dry mouth 5 or displacement of the marginal gums away from the tooth by mechanical such as brushing 5 chemical or surgical means 6 gingival retraction in turn may expose the dental neck and leave it vulnerable to the action of external stimuli and may cause root sensitivity 5 see also edit medicine portal gum graft head and neck anatomy periodontitis references edit gum disease opens up the body to a host of infections archived 2018 01 23 at the wayback machine april 6 2016 science news 1 2 3 4 fehrenbach mj and popowics t 2026 illustrated dental embryology histology and anatomy elsevier pages 138 39 mosby s medical dictionary 8th edition 2009 elsevier gingival recession causes and treatment archived 2010 09 17 at the wayback machine jada vol 138 http jada ada org archived 2013 01 25 at the wayback machine oct 2007 american dental association 1 2 3 4 5 mexicodentaldirectory com dental sensitivity archived 2016 03 09 at the wayback machine retrieved on august 2010 mondofacto medical dictionary gingival retraction archived 2018 12 09 at the wayback machine 05 mar 2000 external links edit media related to gums at wikimedia commons v t e dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth periodontology anatomy periodontium alveolar bone biologic width cementum free gingival margin gingiva gingival fibers gingival sulcus junctional epithelium mucogingival junction periodontal ligament sulcular epithelium stippling disease diagnoses chronic periodontitis localized aggressive periodontitis generalized aggressive periodontitis periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease periodontosis necrotizing periodontal diseases abscesses of the periodontium combined periodontic endodontic lesions infection a actinomycetemcomitans capnocytophaga sp f nucleatum p gingivalis p intermedia t forsythia t denticola red complex entamoeba gingivalis amoebic trichomonas tenax other calculus clinical attachment loss edentulism fremitus furcation defect gingival enlargement gingival pocket gingival recession gingivitis horizontal bony defect linear gingival erythema occlusal trauma periodontal pocket periodontal disease periodontitis plaque vertical bony defect treatment and prevention periodontal examination ante s law brushing bleeding on probing chlorhexidine gluconate flossing hydrogen peroxide mouthwash oral hygiene tetracycline triclosan host modulatory therapy treatment conventional therapy debridement scaling and root planing full mouth disinfection full mouth ultrasonic debridement surgery apically positioned flap bone graft coronally positioned flap crown lengthening free gingival graft gingival grafting gingivectomy guided bone regeneration guided tissue regeneration enamel matrix derivative implant placement lateral pedicle graft open flap debridement pocket reduction surgery socket preservation sinus lift subepithelial connective tissue graft tools curette membrane probe scaler important personalities tomas albrektsson frank beube per ingvar brånemark robert gottsegen gary greenstein jan lindhe brian mealey preston d miller willoughby d miller carl e misch john mankey riggs jay seibert jørgen slots paul roscoe stillman dennis p tarnow hom lay wang james leon williams w j younger other specialties endodontology orthodontology prosthodontology v t e anatomy of the mouth lip vermilion border cupid s bow frenulum of lower lip labial commissure of mouth philtrum white roll cheek buccal fat pad palate hard palate soft palate palatine raphe incisive papilla gums interdental papilla gingival sulcus gingival margin gingival fibers junctional epithelium mucogingival junction sulcular epithelium stippling periodontium cementum philtrum gingiva periodontal ligament glands parotid gland duct submandibular gland duct sublingual gland duct tubarial salivary gland teeth see tooth anatomy tongue top taste bud median sulcus terminal sulcus foramen cecum lingual tonsils underside frenulum fimbriated fold sublingual caruncle glossoepiglottic folds lingual septum back of mouth oropharynx fauces plica semilunaris of the fauces uvula palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch tonsillar fossa palatine tonsil v t e dental anatomy nomenclature glossary of dentistry fdi world dental federation notation universal numbering system a k a the american system teeth permanent incisor canine premolar molar deciduous maxillary teeth incisor central incisor lateral incisor canine premolar first premolar second premolar molar first molar second molar third molar mandibular teeth incisor central incisor lateral incisor canine premolar first premolar second premolar molar first molar second molar third molar parts crown cusp cusp of carabelli zuckerkandl s tubercle pulp root canal apical foramen cementoenamel junction enamel dental enamel junction dentin dental papilla mamelon dental alveolus authority control databases international gnd national united states france bnf data czech republic israel other terminologia anatomica 2 3 yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title gums oldid 1370046890 categories gingiva periodontology human mouth anatomy hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata webarchive template wayback links pages using multiple image with one image commons category link from wikidata this page was last edite...