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inciples of pointed or christian architecture 1841 he set out his two great rules of design 1st that there should be no features about a building which are not necessary for convenience construction or propriety 2nd that all ornament should consist of enrichment of the essential construction of the building urging modern craftsmen to seek to emulate the style of medieval workmanship as well as reproduce its methods pugin sought to reinstate gothic as the true christian architectural style 102 pugin s most notable project was the houses of parliament in london after its predecessor was largely destroyed in a fire in 1834 k 104 his part in the design consisted of two campaigns 1836 1837 and again in 1844 and 1852 with the classicist charles barry as his nominal superior pugin provided the external decoration and the interiors while barry designed the symmetrical layout of the building causing pugin to remark all grecian sir tudor details on a classic body 105 ruskin and venetian gothic edit main articles venetian gothic architecture and high victorian gothic venetian gothic in baku azerbaijan john ruskin supplemented pugin s ideas in his two influential theoretical works the seven lamps of architecture 1849 and the stones of venice 1853 finding his architectural ideal in venice ruskin proposed that gothic buildings excelled above all other architecture because of the sacrifice of the stone carvers in intricately decorating every stone in this he drew a contrast between the physical and spiritual satisfaction which a medieval craftsman derived from his work and the lack of these satisfactions afforded to modern industrialised labour l 107 by declaring the doge s palace to be the central building of the world ruskin argued the case for gothic government buildings as pugin had done for churches though mostly only in theory when his ideas were put into practice ruskin often disliked the result although he supported many architects such as thomas newenham deane and benjamin woodward and was reputed to have designed some of the corbel decorations for that pair s oxford university museum of natural history 108 a major clash between the gothic and classical styles in relation to governmental offices occurred less than a decade after the publication of the stones of venice a public competition for the construction of a new foreign office in whitehall saw the decision to award first place to a gothic design by george gilbert scott overturned by the prime minister lord palmerston who successfully demanded a building in the italianate style m 110 ecclesiology and funerary style edit in england the church of england was undergoing a revival of anglo catholic and ritualist ideology in the form of the oxford movement and it became desirable to build large numbers of new churches to cater for the growing population and cemeteries for their hygienic burials this found ready exponents in the universities where the ecclesiological movement was forming its proponents believed that gothic was the only style appropriate for a parish church and favoured a particular era of gothic architecture the decorated the cambridge camden society through its journal the ecclesiologist was so savagely critical of new church buildings that were below its exacting standards and its pronouncements were followed so avidly that it became the epicentre of the flood of victorian restoration that affected most of the anglican cathedrals and parish churches in england and wales 111 exeter college oxford chapel st luke s church chelsea was a new built commissioner s church of 1820 1824 partly built using a grant of 8 333 towards its construction with money voted by parliament as a result of the church building act 1818 112 it is often said to be the first gothic revival church in london 113 and as charles locke eastlake put it probably the only church of its time in which the main roof was groined throughout in stone 114 nonetheless the parish was firmly low church and the original arrangement modified in the 1860s was as a preaching church dominated by the pulpit with a small altar and wooden galleries over the nave aisle 115 the development of the private major metropolitan cemeteries was occurring at the same time as the movement sir william tite pioneered the first cemetery in the gothic style at west norwood in 1837 with chapels gates and decorative features in the gothic manner attracting the interest of contemporary architects such as george edmund street barry and william burges the style was immediately hailed a success and universally replaced the previous preference for classical design 116 not every architect or client was swept away by this tide although gothic revival succeeded in becoming an increasingly familiar style of architecture the attempt to associate it with the notion of high church superiority as advocated by pugin and the ecclesiological movement was anathema to those with ecumenical or nonconformist principles alexander greek thomson launched a famous attack we are told we should adopt gothic because it is the christian style and this most impudent assertion has been accepted as sound doctrine even by earnest and intelligent protestants whereas it ought only to have force with those who believe that christian truth attained its purest and most spiritual development at the period when this style of architecture constituted its corporeal form 117 those rejecting the link between gothic and catholicism looked to adopt it solely for its aesthetic romantic qualities to combine it with other styles or look to northern european brick gothic for a more plain appearance or in some instances all three of these as at the non denominational abney park cemetery in east london designed by william hosking fsa in 1840 118 viollet le duc and iron gothic edit view of carcassonne france had lagged slightly in entering the neo gothic scene but produced a major figure in the revival in eugène viollet le duc as well as a powerful and influential theorist viollet le duc was a leading architect whose genius lay in restoration n he believed in restoring buildings to a state of completion that they would not have known even when they were first built theories he applied to his restorations of the walled city of carcassonne 64 and to notre dame and sainte chapelle in paris 62 in this respect he differed from his english counterpart ruskin as he often replaced the work of mediaeval stonemasons his rational approach to gothic stood in stark contrast to the revival s romanticist origins 120 121 throughout his career he remained in a quandary as to whether iron and masonry should be combined in a building iron in the form of iron anchors had been used in the most ambitious buildings of medieval gothic especially but not only for tracery it had in fact been used in gothic buildings since the earliest days of the revival in some cases cast iron enabled something like a perfection of medieval design it was only with ruskin and the archaeological gothic s demand for historical truth that iron whether it was visible or not was deemed improper for a gothic building ultimately the utility of iron won out substituting a cast iron shaft for a granite marble or stone column is not bad but one must agree that it cannot be considered as an innovation as the introduction of a new principle replacing a stone or wooden lintel by an iron breastsummer is very good 122 he strongly opposed illusion however reacting against the casing of a cast iron pillar in stone he wrote il faut que la pierre paraisse bien être de la pierre le fer du fer le bois du bois stone must appear to be stone iron iron wood wood 123 cast iron gothic tracery supports a bridge by calvert vaux in central park new york city the arguments against modern construction materials began to collapse in the mid 19th century as great prefabricated structures such as the glass and iron crystal palace and the glazed courtyard of the oxford university museum of natural history were erected which appeared to embody gothic principles o 125 126 between 1863 and 1872 viollet le duc published his entretiens sur l architecture a set of daring designs for buildings that combined iron and masonry 127 though these projects were never realised they influenced several generations of designers and architects notably antoni gaudí in spain and in england benjamin bucknall viollet s foremost english follower and translator whose masterpiece was woodchester mansion 128 the flexibility and strength of cast iron freed neo gothic designers to create new structural gothic forms impossible in stone as in calvert vaux s cast iron gothic bridge in central park new york dating from the 1860 vaux enlisted openwork forms derived from gothic blind arcading and window tracery to express the spring and support of the arching bridge in flexing forms that presage art nouveau 129 collegiate gothic edit trinity college hartford burges s revised three quadrangle masterplan main article collegiate gothic in the united states collegiate gothic was a late and literal resurgence of the english gothic revival adapted for american college and university campuses the term collegiate gothic originated from american architect alexander jackson davis s handwritten description of his own english collegiate gothic mansion of 1853 for the harrals of bridgeport 130 131 by the 1890s the movement was known as collegiate gothic 132 the firm of cope stewardson was an early and important exponent transforming the campuses of bryn mawr college 133 princeton university 134 and the university of pennsylvania in the 1890s 135 in 1872 abner jackson the president of trinity college connecticut visited britain seeking models and an architect for a planned new campus for the college william burges was chosen and he drew up a four quadrangled masterplan in his early french style lavish illustrations were produced by axel haig 136 however the estimated cost at just under one million dollars together with the sheer scale of the plans thoroughly alarmed the college trustees 137 and only one sixth of the plan was executed the present long walk with francis h kimball acting as local supervising architect and frederick law olmsted laying out the grounds 136 hitchcock considers the result perhaps the most satisfactory of all of burges s works and the best example anywhere of victorian gothic collegiate architecture 138 the movement continued into the 20th century with cope stewardson s campus for washington university in st louis 1900 1909 139 charles donagh maginnis s buildings at boston college 1910s including gasson hall 140 ralph adams cram s design for the princeton university graduate college 1913 141 and james gamble rogers reconstruction of the campus of yale university 1920s 142 charles klauder s gothic revival skyscraper on the university of pittsburgh s campus the cathedral of learning 1926 exhibited gothic stylings both inside and out while using modern technologies to make the building taller 143 vernacular adaptations and the revival in oceania edit main article carpenter gothic frances willard house in evanston illinois an example of carpenter gothic carpenter gothic houses and small churches became common in north america and other places in the late 19th century 144 these structures adapted gothic elements such as pointed arches steep gables and towers to traditional american light frame construction the invention of the scroll saw and mass produced wood moldings allowed a few of these structures to mimic the florid fenestration of the high gothic but in most cases carpenter gothic buildings were relatively unadorned retaining only the basic elements of pointed arch windows and steep gables a well known example of carpenter gothic is a house in eldon iowa that grant wood used for the background of his painting american gothic 145 australia edit australia in particular in melbourne and sydney saw the construction of large numbers of gothic revival buildings william wardell 1823 1899 was among the country s most prolific architects born and trained in england after emigrating his most notable australian designs include st patrick s cathedral melbourne and st john s college and st mary s cathedral in sydney in common with many other 19th century architects wardell could deploy different styles at the command of his clients government house melbourne is italianate 146 his banking house for the english scottish and australian bank in melbourne has been described as the australian masterpiece of neo gothic 147 this claim has also been made for edmund blacket s maclaurin hall at the university of sydney 148 which sits in the quadrangle complex described as arguably the most important group of gothic and tudor revival style architecture in australia 149 new zealand edit old st paul s in wellington new zealand benjamin mountfort born in britain trained in birmingham and subsequently resident in canterbury new zealand imported the gothic revival style to his adopted country and designed gothic revival churches in both wood and stone notably in the city of christchurch 150 frederick thatcher designed wooden churches in the gothic revival style for example old st paul s wellington contributing to what has been described as new zealand s one memorable contribution to world architecture 151 st mary of the angels wellington by frederick de jersey clere is in the french gothic style and was the first gothic design church built in ferro concrete 152 other examples in wellington include john sydney swan s now demolished erskine college the style also found favour in the southern new zealand city of dunedin where the wealth brought in by the otago gold rush of the 1860s allowed for substantial stone edifices to be constructed using hard dark breccia stone and a local white limestone oamaru stone among them were maxwell bury s university of otago registry building 153 and the dunedin law courts by john campbell 154 welsh born william skinner designed the third and current building for st paul s in auckland in the gothic revival style known as the mother church due to its foundation within a year of the city s establishment in 1841 the dark rangitoto basalt and light oamaru limestone church was consecrated in 1895 155 skinner also designed the kauri timber st james union church in thames in the gothic style 156 pacific islands edit several examples of gothic revival architecture can be found among the buildings of the pacific islands notable among these is sacred heart church in levuka fiji built by father louyot in 1858 this unusual structure consists of a church and presbytery in a local version of carpenter gothic alongside a stone church tower global gothic edit chhatrapati shivaji terminus in mumbai india a mixture of romanesque gothic and indian elements henry russell hitchcock the architectural historian noted the spread of the gothic revival in the 19th and early 20th centuries where...